Central Approaches Underpinning The Youth Justice System

Prior to engaging with critical consideration of the central approaches underpinning the youth justice system in England and Wales, it is worth drawing attention to the system itself. Originally, the categories of adult and young offenders did not exist in the justice system, which prompted their uniform disposal and retribution. The nineteenth century witnessed a significant development in the area of the English criminal justice system with the realisation that juveniles could not accept full criminal responsibility for their deeds, resulting in a further reformation of the system. One legal enactment is of particular note for the discussion further in the present paper, namely the 1963 Children and Young Persons Act , which increased†¦show more content†¦For most of the twentieth century, England and Wales were dominated by the welfare approach. In essence, it entails that due to insufficiently developed capabilities, children lack full responsibility and society has the moral obligation to foster and ensure their well-being. Furthermore, the unique position of children is recognised through the policies predicating this model of justice. Juveniles’ criminal conduct is deemed to be associated with problems on a mental or community level, which warrant that their specific needs are more aptly addressed through actions external to the justice system. This approach postulates that the focus of governmental policies and practices should be children, their essential necessities and redirection away from the penal system. What follows is an outline of the essential characteristics of the punishment model, which is often considered in contrast to the welfare approach discussed above. From the 1980s onwards, the welfare practices were displaced by the punishment justice approach. The critical analysis dictates that it would be useful for the present discussion to make a nexus here between the two approaches as fears for subverting democratic principles, such as the rule of law, due process and proportionality were prevailing at that time and they are seen as the main cause for the shift in justice models. The rationale behind the punishment mode is based on the premise that children should be

History of Islam - 1232 Words

Islam Out of the many interesting religions, Islam has uniqueness to it. The name, Islam stems from the word â€Å"Salam† that means peace. The word â€Å"Muslim† which means a follower of Islam refers to a person who submits him or herself to the will of God. Muhammad founded Islam in the year 622CE. This particular religion started when the angel Jibreel supposedly read the first revelation to Muhammad. The Muslims believe in the â€Å"one true God† which they call Allah. Islam is totally based on the word of Allah, and Muslims believe that Islam was revealed to the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in 570 in Mecca, a great trading city on the Arabian Peninsula. He became a successful merchant and he was famous for his honesty, but found himself†¦show more content†¦All Muslims believe that on the Day of Judgment Heaven will be the reward for those Muslims whose good deeds will outweigh evil deeds. All Muslims believe in Al-Qadar, which is Divine Predestination, but belief in Divine Predestination does not mean that human beings do not have any freewill. Muslims believe that God has given human beings freewill. It means that they can choose between wrong and right. â€Å"The Five Pillars of Islam† In addition to the above essentials beliefs of Islam, all Muslims also believe in a framework know the Five Pillars of Islam (Islamic Voice, 1998 August) A Muslim must acknowledge that There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet Salat All Muslims pray five times a day: before sunrise (Fajir), midday (Zuhir), mid afternoon (Asar), after sunset (Magrib), and nightfall (Isha). Muslims also gather in the mosque to pray each Friday, which is holiest day of the week. Muslims believe prayer enlivens and strengthens faith , and inspires them to superior. Fasting During the entire holy month of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from beverages, food and sexual activity from sunrise till sunset. Fasting, teaches love, devotion, sincerity, and helps to develop unselfishness, patience, and social conscience. Zakat It is compulsory for all eligible Muslims thatShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Islam And Islam1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Islam Islam is a religion that was founded in 622 C.E. Its origin is traced to the Arabian Peninsula, and currently has an estimated 1.5 billion followers’ worldwide. The sacred texts that are associated with Islam is the Qur’an and Allah is the Deity they pay homage to. Muslims believe that there is only one true God and several time per day, they stop everything to participate in prayer rituals. The region, in which Islam was founded, was a melting pot of religious beliefs. ThereRead MoreHistory : The History Of Islam823 Words   |  4 Pages The History Of Islam Monica Li March 21, 2017 History 9 Islam was founded in the year 610 AD. The founder was Ubu l-Kassim who was born in Mecca 570 AD, and died in Medina in 632 AD at 62 years old. He was famous as Muhammad, the Prophet. The Islam religion is known by several ways: Islam means complete obey to ALLAH , one God, or God and Creator. Muslim, or Moslem, means to be a follower of the Muslim religion, or the Islamic religion. The word Muhammad, from whichRead MoreHistory of Islam1909 Words   |  8 PagesIslam is the second most practiced religion in the world with 1.5 billion followers worldwide. With six million people practicing Islam in America, it is one of the fastest growing religions in this country. However, since the September 11th terrorist attacks of 2001 the Islamic religion has been under much scrutiny publically in America. Many people who practice this religion have been subjected to discrimination as well as verbal and physical attacks by fellow Americans. However a high levelRead MoreThe Cover Of A History Of Islam975 Words   |  4 PagesThe cover of â€Å"A History of Islam in America† is very controversial if compared to what is written in the text. 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Muhammad, theRead MoreThe Early History Of Islam1297 Words   |  6 Pages THE EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM Lily Grote HUM 2020: Introduction to the Humanities December 1st, 2015 â€Æ' The history of the Islamic religion begins in 610 C.E., with Muhammad ibn Abdallah, a merchant who every year during the month of Ramadan would â€Å"retire to a cave on the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he prayed, fasted and gave alms to the poor.† This was a common practice for many Arabs in the peninsula. Muhammad was a merchant, a member of the tribe QurayshRead MoreHistory of Islam Essay2057 Words   |  9 PagesPre Islamic Era: The word ‘Islam’ refers to the submission to God Almighty. It is described as ‘Deen’ in the Holy Quran which means way of life. The people who follow Islam are known as Muslims and the word itself means the one who surrenders or submits to the will of Allah. Islam was present since forever. Before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), many messengers were sent on this earth to bring people on the right path. All of them preached to worship one God and that the people should consider them theRead MoreHistory and Misinterpretations of Islam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIslam is a widespread religion that is represented in over fifty-seven countries around the world. Muslims primarily originated from the Middle East with great populations in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This dominant religion around the globe makes up the second largest religion behind Christianity. Much of this prevalence is due to the diversity of Islamic practices under Sunni and Shii, wh ich vary in different parts of the world. Just as Judaism and Christianity, Islamic religionRead MoreIslamic History And Themes Of Islam1641 Words   |  7 PagesMuhammad and Islam 1) The religion of Islam was created by Muhammad after he began to get prophetic visions when he was 40 years old. The messages he preached were: monotheism, an imminent day of judgement, as well as social and economic justice for all. Since the start of this class approximately five weeks ago we have learned a great deal about ancient Islamic history and themes that are present throughout the history of Islam. This paper will discuss the relevant aspects of Islamic history, terms usedRead MoreA Brief History of Islam Essay545 Words   |  3 Pages There are three great western religions that through history have globally expanded throughout the world. One of those western religions is Islam. Islam was first introduced and developed on the Arabian Peninsula. Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, is a monotheistic religion. Islam means submission to one god. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. One primary leader of Islam is a man named Muhammad. When an economy began to develop in the Arabian Peninsula and the city of Mecca

Tax Evasion the Black Economy Free Essays

string(191) " has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black\." TAX EVASION It is the general term for efforts by individuals, corporations, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability and includes in particular dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned or overstating deductions. Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy and one measure of the extent of tax evasion is the amount of unreported income, namely the difference between the amount of income that should legally be reported to the tax authorities and the actual amount reported, which is also sometimes referred to as the tax gap. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Evasion the Black Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tax avoidance, on the other hand, is the legal utilization of the tax regime to one’s own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Both tax evasion and avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance, as they describe a range of activities that are unfavorable to a state’s tax system, though such characterization of tax avoidance is suspect, given that avoidance operates lawfully, within self-creating systems Smuggling Smuggling is importation or exportation of foreign products by unauthorized means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband items. A smuggler does not have to pay any customs duty since the products are not routed through an authorized customs port, and therefore are not subjected to declaration and payment of duties and taxes. Ten countries with the largest absolute levels of tax evasion per year. It is estimated that global tax evasion amounts to 5 percent of the global economy. During the latter half of the twentieth century, value added tax (VAT) has emerged as a modern form of consumption tax through the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from the consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. The US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT; the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the federal level (the Goods and Services Tax) and sales taxes at the provincial level; some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and pay the tax on items purchased in another jurisdiction. This means that those consumers who purchase something in a lower-taxed or untaxed jurisdiction with the intention of avoiding VAT or sales tax in their home jurisdiction are in fact breaking the law in most cases. Such evasion is, especially, prevalent in federal states like the Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions have the constitutional power to charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria for example, some local states enforce VAT on each goods sold by trader. The price must be clearly stated and the VAT distinct from the price of the good purchased. Any act by the trader contrary to this (like including VAT in the price of the goods) is punishable as attempting to syphoning the VAT. Borders between tax districts in the same nation usually lack the resources to enforce tax collection on goods carried in private vehicles from one district to another, so states only pursue sales and use tax collection on high-value items such as cars. Government response The level of evasion depends on a number of factors, one of them being fiscal equation. People’s tendency to evade income tax declines when the return for due payment of taxes is not obvious. Evasion also depends on the efficiency of the tax administration. Corruption by the tax officials often render control of evasion difficult. Tax administrations resort to various means for plugging in scope of evasion and increasing the level of enforcement. Corruption by tax officials Corrupt tax officials cooperate with the tax payers who intend to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting in return for illegal gratification or bribe. Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in a huge number of underdeveloped and southern European countries. Level of evasion and punishment Tax evasion is a crime in almost all developed countries and subjects the guilty party to fines and/or imprisonment. In Switzerland, many acts that would amount to criminal tax evasion in other countries are treated as civil matters. Dishonestly misreporting income in a tax return is not necessarily considered a crime. Such matters are handled in the Swiss tax courts, not the criminal courts. In Switzerland, however, some tax misconduct is criminal, for example, deliberate falsification of records. Moreover, civil tax transgressions may give rise to penalties. It is often considered that extent of evasion depends on the severity of punishment for evasion. Normally, the higher the evaded amount, the higher the degree of punishment. BLACK ECONOMY / BLACK MARKET Is the economy in which illegal goods are traded. Du e to the nature of the goods traded, the economy itself is forced to operate outside the formal economy, supported by the established state power. Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services, e. g. â€Å"the black market in bush meat†. The black market is distinct from the grey market, in which commodities are distributed through channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer, and the white market, the legal market for goods and services. Worldwide, the underground economy is estimated to have provided 1. 8 billion jobs. Background The literature on the black market has avoided a common usage and has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black. You read "Tax Evasion the Black Economy" in category "Essay examples" This profusion of vague labels attests to the confusion of a literature attempting to explore a largely uncharted area of economic activity. There is no single black economy; there are many. These black economies are omnipresent, existing in market oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Five specific underground economies can be identified: 1. Illegal Economy 2. Unreported Economy 3. Unrecorded Economy 4. Informal Economy 5. Criminal Acts 1. ILLEGAL ECONOMY The â€Å"illegal economy† consists of the income produced by those economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes defining the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and prostitution. 2. UNREPORTED ECONOMY The â€Å"unreported economy† consists of those economic activities that circumvent or evade the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the unreported economy is the â€Å"tax gap†, namely the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. 3. UNRECORDED ECONOMY The â€Å"unrecorded economy† consists of those economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be recorded in national accounting systems (e. g. National Income and Product Accounts) but is not. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in transition countries that switched from a socialist accounting system to UN standard national accounting. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. But there is still little consensus concerning the size of the unreported economies of transition countries. 4. INFORMAL ECONOMY The â€Å"informal economy† comprises those economic activities that circumvent the costs and are excluded from the benefits and rights incorporated in the laws and administrative rules covering property relationships, commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit and social security systems. A summary measure of the informal economy is the income generated by economic agents that operate informally. The informal sector is defined as the part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal economy. In developed countries the informal sector is characterized by unreported employment. This is hidden from the state for tax, social security or labor law purposes but is legal in all other aspects. On the other hand, the term black market can be used in reference to a specific part of the economy in which contraband is traded. Pricing Goods acquired illegally take one of two price levels: They may be cheaper than legal market prices. The supplier does not have to pay for production costs or taxes. This is usually the case in the black economy. Criminals steal goods and sell them below the legal market price, but there is no receipt, guarantee, and so forth. They may be more expensive than legal market prices. The product is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to handle or not easily available legally, if at all. If goods are illegal, such as some drugs, their prices can be vastly inflated over the costs of production. Black market can form part of border trade near the borders of neighboring jurisdictions with little or no border control if there are substantially different tax rates, or where goods are legal on one side of the border but not on the other. Products that are commonly smuggled like this include alcohol and tobacco. However, not all border trade is illegal. Prostitution Prostitution is illegal or highly regulated in most countries across the world. These places form a classic study of the black economy, because of consistent high demand from customers, relatively high pay, but labor intensive and low skilled work, which attracts a continual supply of workers. While prostitution exists in every country, studies show that it tends to flourish more in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached men, such as around military bases. Prostitutes in the black market generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating prices and activities through codewords and subtle gestures. In countries such as the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal but regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered cheaper without regard for the legal requirements or procedures— health checks, standards of accommodation, and so on. In other countries such as Nicaragua where legal prostitution is regulated, hotels may require both parties to identify themselves, to prevent the rise of child prostitution. Weapons Fire Arms trafficking The legislatures of many countries forbid or restrict the personal ownership of weapons. These restrictions can range from small knives to firearms, either altogether or by classification (e. g. caliber, automation, etc. ), and explosives. The black market supplies the demands for weaponry that cannot be obtained legally, or may only be obtained legally after obtaining permits and paying fees. This may be by smuggling the arms from countries where they were bought legally or stolen, or by stealing from arms manufacturers within the country itself, using insiders. In cases where the underground economy is unable to smuggle firearms, they can also satisfy requests by gunsmithing their own firearms. Those who may buy this way include criminals to use for illegal activities, gun collectors, and otherwise law abiding citizens interested in protecting their dwellings, families or businesses. Illegally logged timber Illegally logged timber is a huge problem. According to interpol, the illegal logging industry is worth almost as much as drug production industry, in some countries. Animals and animal products Ivory trade / Wildlife trade In many developing countries, living animals are captured in the wild and sold as pets. Wild animals are also hunted and killed for their meat, hide, organs, †¦ Organs and other animal parts are sold for use in traditional medicine. Alcohol / Tobacco It has been reported that smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax US state to a high-tax state can lead to a profit of up to $2 million. The low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers, and have come under enormous criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes. Biological Organs Trade Organ trade is the trade involving inner organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc. ) of a human for transplantation. There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation, yet trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. The problem of organ trafficking is widespread, although data on the exact scale of the organ market is difficult to obtain. Whether or not to legalize the organ trade, and the appropriate way to combat illegal trafficking, is a subject of much debate. Software piracy Street vendors in countries where there is scant enforcement of copyright law, particularly in Asia and Latin America, often sell deeply discounted copies of films, music CDs, and computer software such as video games, sometimes even before the official release of the title. A determined counterfeiter with a few hundred dollars can make copies that are digitally identical to an original and suffer no loss in quality; innovations in consumer DVD and CD writers and the widespread availability of cracks on the Internet for most forms of copy protection technology make this cheap and easy to do. How to cite Tax Evasion the Black Economy, Essay examples

International Business and Sustainable Development †Free Samples

Question: Discus about the International Business and Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction In the modern world, sustainable business development is an important factor for most business. Without proper sustainability in business, managers cannot maintain the trust of the people. According to Holden, Linnerud Banister (2017), the increase in the focus of sustainable development is because managers need to understand the ways by which the local and regional environment can be protected. The report provides a detailed analysis of the ways to maintain sustainability by using the concept of green building. The report highlights the concept and the process adopted by managers in order to apply green building in the areas of business. The importance of LEED certification and the effect of green building on the lives of the people are analysed in this report. The report sheds light on the adoption of green building by Beirut that contributes to the construction of green buildings for maintaining sustainability in the business. According to Van Tulder, Verbeke Strange (2014), green building is a process of building structures and processes that help in maintaining the environment in a sustainable manner. The planning of green building is done at an initial stage of constructing a building. The construction of green buildings is resource efficient and helps in the proper maintenance and development of a building. It helps in determining the life cycle of a building starting at the stage of designing the building, constructing and maintaining the building. As stated by Griggs et al., (2013) the ideal construction of green building signifies ways that can help in preserving the natural environment. It can help in constructing buildings that help in maintaining the purpose of maintaining a proper environment. However, in order to achieve this, cooperation and support of the constructors and the designers is required. The designing of green building expands and provides complements to the design of classical bu ildings in the regions of business. In this regard, it can be said that the adoption and construction of the green building have been adopted by Beirut in an effective manner. Beirut is a company in France that specialises in designing green buildings. The company aims to extract the benefits of green building. Some of the benefits that can be adopted with the implication of green building include reduction of trash and pollution from the environment. This can help in ceasing the degradation of the environment and bring about changes in the lives of the people. In this regard, Wheeler Beatley (2014) stated that the concept of green rooftop could bring about major changes in the lives of the people. Green rooftops can bring about the efficient use of water, energy and other relevant resources. These resources bring about the development of sustainability among the people and protect the health and lifestyle of the individuals. Beirut has also managed to create a business for exchanging green products and services in the market. Thus, green building has brought about many benefits that have significantly affected the growth of sustainability in the country. In this regard, a process needs to be maintained that highlights the significance of the concept. Process of green building As stated by Pearce, Barbier Markandya (2013) green building requires a systematic process that helps in the development of sustainability among the people. The process needs to be simple so that people can adopt the process effectively. In the light of this, it can be said that the saving of energy is an important aspect of ensuring sustainability. It has been observed that globally, large buildings drain the maximum amount of energy, electricity and water consumption. This accounts for 18% of the total energy consumption in a region. Hence, it is important to develop a process that leads to the conservation of these energies. The adoption of renewable sources for a domestic purpose can be stated as a way by which green building process can be applied. While implementing the concept of green building it is necessary to keep in mind that the walls and windows need to be decorated with green plants (Profile et al., 2016). This can help in the proper circulation of oxygen in the build ings and promote the importance of greenery among the people. This process can also help in developing a sustainable environment in the buildings. The green rooftop can help in creating a greenery atmosphere for the individuals. It can also be a method for increasing the business as an adoption of green rooftop can help in producing fruits and vegetables that can be sold in the market for a considerable profit. This is another process that can be adopted by the buildings encouraging the concept of green building in the regions. Hence, it can be said that the process of adopting green building can be both simple and cost-effective. In this case, it can be said that Beirut adopts this process in an effective manner and implements ways by which the sustainability can be maintained. The effectiveness in which the company saves energy can help in increasing the energy sources in the world. However, despite the conservation of energy and other natural resources, the maintenance of green rooftop requires excess consumption of water. The storage of rainwater helps in addressing the issue and ensures that the objective of maintaining su stainability remains (Kolk, 2016). Heating purpose Solar heating can be considered as the conversion of sunlight in order to heat a building and keep it harm during the winter season. It can also be used to heat water or solar thermal collector. Kibert (2016) stated that various models of solar heating are available that help in maintaining the required heat in the buildings depending upon the temperature. The solar heaters are also shaped depending upon the amount of heat required in the building and the design of the building. The energy from the sun is used in order to preserve the renewable sources of energy that exists on the planet. The direct absorption of energy helps in serving the purpose of heating in an effective manner. Apart from this, the solar panel can also be used to provide sunlight to the plants in the rooftop garden. This can help in the proper production of the consumables and ensure that the market value of the consumables increases. Zuo Zhao (2014) observed that the solar heat is transferred directly to the i nterior of the building after having been stored in the reflection panels. However, a backup system is always required in order to control the failure of the system. The heating purpose used to maintain sustainability in the buildings in Beirut is the solar heating. This is because the use of energy from the sun can help in maintaining the non-renewable resources and reduce pollution (Robertson, 2017). The use of light concentrating mirror helps in trapping the energy and operate independently using electric gas heaters. This paves way for the effective consumption of energy in the buildings. The lack of space in the solar panel can be countered by the use of an auxiliary backup system that provides a heating process for heating the system. Beirut uses liquid systems with the inclusion of storage systems that help in radiant heating. The use of liquid and air system for heating can help in supplementing forced system that leads to the heating of air. This provides sufficient circulation of heat in the buildings with less consumption of energy. In this regard, the cooling system used for lowering temperatures during summer seasons can also be used to store energy effectively. Cooling purpose According to Eichholtz, Kok Quigley (2013), the use of natural ventilation can help in keeping the rooms cool and airy. This can also help in proper circulation of air. The use of natural ventilation can help in controlling the air quality indoors. The natural ventilation process helps in reducing indoor pollutants, provides thermal comfort and ensures that humidity does not remain in the buildings. The use of natural ventilation can help in the free circulation of air around the building. It dilutes the quality of air making sure that the harmful elements do not hamper the growth and health of the lives of the people. Harmsen, Hackmann Bos (2014) stated that the use of natural ventilation reduces the dependence of machines that are used to provide cooling. In this process, it helps in conserving energy and develops sustainability in the buildings. Apart from this, the designing of natural ventilation can reduce the cost of construction of the building by restricting the use of air -conditioners and ceiling fans. In the case of Beirut, the company encourages the use of natural ventilation in the buildings in order to save energy consumption. This helps the buildings to provide a continuous supply of fresh air and reduce pollutants indoors. The balance between humidity and temperature can be maintained at such a level that it provides comfort to the people residing in the buildings. Another important advantage that natural ventilation provides is the fact that it provides an easy escape route in case of emergency (Wei, Ramalho Mandin, 2015). This is important because accidents may occur without prior notice and can cause severe problems to the people. Beirut focuses on designing such ventilation because of the aim it has on reducing the harmful components that exist in the air. The air-borne diseases can be reduced if the proper circulation of air takes place in the rooms. Thus, the use of natural ventilation can help in establishing a proper balance between the circulation of air and reducti on of contaminants in the building. However, in order to implement these techniques, it is necessary that the constructors ensure that the LEED rating of the systems is sufficient for the safe designing of the buildings. Importance of LEED certification Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is considered to be an important program for certifying the green building. It provides the rating system that helps in analysing the construction, design, maintenance and operation of the buildings. IT aims to make the building owners responsible towards the environment and educates them to use the resources in an effective manner. LEED certification is important in order to ensure that the highly efficient buildings with fewer costs are maintained. The innovative designs and the priority need to be maintained by the engineers. According to Yang Zou (2014), a LEED certification is required for the proper maintenance of sustainability in the environment. This can help in the reduction of about 34% of the greenhouse emissions that are caused due to the excess pollutants. A non-LEED certified building does not enjoy such benefits and thereby have the possibilities of increasing the greenhouse emissions. Another advantage that LEED c ertification provides is the fact that it helps in saving money (Deng Wu, 2014). This is important for commercial buildings that need to reduce overhead charges related to the business carried out. In this regard, it can be said that Beirut needs to adopt these tactics by improving the water efficiency and the energy efficiency. The LEED certification can help in rating the building in terms of its effectiveness in saving the resources. The cost incurred for the production of solar panels or natural ventilation can be reduced with the proper time for LEED certification. The indoor air quality, energy from the atmosphere, innovation in design and priority of the regions require the certification of LEED for the smooth and effective functioning of the projects (Fuerst, Kontokosta McAllister, 2014). Hence, in this regard, it can be said that Beirut can foster the other important factors that can be pivotal after the certification of LEED. It helps in the creation of health environment as it reduces the unhealthy air particulates that go about in the building. Hence, the LEED certification can help in the reduction of sick building syndrome. This can lead to ensuring proper health and wellbeing of the people residing in the buildings constructed by Beirut. Effect on health and wellbeing According to Chen, Yang Lu (2015), the main purpose of the maintenance of sustainability is to ensure the proper health of the people. Every individual aim to lead a healthy lifestyle in order to ensure that the wellbeing is maintained. In this regard, the application of green building can be related to ensuring the health of the individuals. This can be possible by the application of the techniques used for maintaining sustainability. The application of green buildings can help in maintaining the fitness of an individual. The natural circulation of air using ventilation system can ensure that harmful emissions are filtered from the buildings (Yang, Zou Wang, 2016). The wellbeing of the individuals can be maintained with the application of sustainable practice in the environment. The application of solar panels for a heating purpose can help in reducing the consumption of energy. With the money saved due to the adoption of green building, individuals can use it to decorate the buil dings and make it more effective for protecting the health. Beirut also adopts similar tactics while trying to ensure the health and well-being of the people residing in the country. The construction of the building is such that the people can use the sustainability equipment in a positive and effective manner. The health of the people can improve due to the inhalation of fresh air and the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables (Ching Shapiro, 2014). A green rooftop can help in relaxation as it provides the natural effect of a garden. This is particularly important in office buildings where people can take a break from work by visiting the rooftop. Hence, the drastic improvement in health and wellbeing of the people can help in providing evidence about the effectiveness of green buildings and its increased adoption in the future (Koebel et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to maintain the green buildings and improve it in order to sustain the benefits it provides to the people. The LEED certification can contribute to making the project successful and ensure that the aim towards sustainability is maintained. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that sustainability policy through green buildings can help Beirut in protecting the environment and ensure a healthy lifestyle of the people. The manner in which the company promotes the effectiveness of green building provides a proper understanding of the concept and help in identifying the ways by which different techniques can be adopted in order to maintain the sustainability. The purpose adopted for heating and cooling the buildings based on the fluctuations of temperature is effective in understanding the importance of green building. The health and well-being of the people are maintained by adopting rooftop buildings that help in circulating clean and fresh air in and around the region. LEED certification provides a proper rating of the ways by which the construction and designing of the buildings are done. These ratings help Beirut to understand its capabilities and promote the development of the green building in an effective manner in the countr y. Reference Chen, X., Yang, H., Lu, L. (2015). A comprehensive review on passive design approaches in green building rating tools.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,50, 1425-1436. Ching, F. D., Shapiro, I. M. (2014).Green building illustrated. John Wiley Sons. Deng, Y., Wu, J. (2014). Economic returns to residential green building investment: The developers' perspective.Regional Science and Urban Economics,47, 35-44. Eichholtz, P., Kok, N., Quigley, J. M. (2013). The economics of green building.Review of Economics and Statistics,95(1), 50-63. Fuerst, F., Kontokosta, C., McAllister, P. (2014). Determinants of green building adoption.Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,41(3), 551-570. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), 305-307. Harmsen, P. F., Hackmann, M. M., Bos, H. L. (2014). Green building blocks for bio?based plastics.Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining,8(3), 306-324. Holden, E., Linnerud, K., Banister, D. (2017). The imperatives of sustainable development.Sustainable Development,25(3), 213-226. Kibert, C. J. (2016).Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley Sons. Koebel, C. T., McCoy, A. P., Sanderford, A. R., Franck, C. T., Keefe, M. J. (2015). Diffusion of green building technologies in new housing construction.Energy and Buildings,97, 175-185. Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), 23-34. Pearce, D., Barbier, E., Markandya, A. (2013).Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Profile, P., Berglund, J., Lantz, J., Kristenson, M., Thorfinn, C., Runsi, M., ... vid Handelshgskolan, S. (2016). Sustainable Development and Business.Corporate Governance,16(2), 278-294. Robertson, M. Sustainability principles and practice (pp. 183-206). New York: Routledge. Van Tulder, R., Verbeke, A., Strange, R. (Eds.). (2014). International business and sustainable development. InInternational Business and Sustainable Development(p. iii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Wei, W., Ramalho, O., Mandin, C. (2015). Indoor air quality requirements in green building certifications.Building and Environment,92, 10-19. Wheeler, S. M., Beatley, T. (Eds.). (2014).Sustainable urban development reader. Routledge. Yang, R. J., Zou, P. X. (2014). Stakeholder-associated risks and their interactions in complex green building projects: A social network model.Building and Environment,73, 208-222. Yang, R. J., Zou, P. X., Wang, J. (2016). Modelling stakeholder-associated risk networks in green building projects.International journal of project management,34(1), 66-81. Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. Y. (2014). Green building researchcurrent status and future agenda: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,30, 271-281.

Best Thoughts free essay sample

Page 1 45 Things To Do To Keep Your Relationship Alive In this eBook, the focus is YOUR intimate relationship the one that Is supposed to last to death. It is a huge part of your life, but It can easily be neglected. So many times In life we can be caught up In the everyday routine and put our relationship on the backbencher. While that doesnt seem to make a BIG difference at first In the relationship, tension can start to accumulate dally and before you know It you have a year or more of hurt and neglected feelings which can equal an unhealthy relationship, or a breakup.Therefore, your best bet Is to pay attention to your allegations every day. Do something big. Do something small. Do something! This eBook Is meant to be a guideline; a booster; a reminder. Its meant to be a collection of ideas to get your own juices flowing. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Thoughts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has 45 ideas of how to add romance into your relationship, spice up your relationship, and just keep your relationship alive and well. My suggestion? Use one tip daily or every second day. The more effort you put into the relationship the better the relationship will be.You may not find that the tip is something you are really going to do for one day only; instead, you may find its meeting you want to apply to your relationship from this day forward. After a while, it will become a habit to do something for your relationship and you will find that you will automatically wake up with ideas on how to make your relationship better TODAY. So lets get started! Copyright http://hydrogenating. Com 2012 Page 2 Dally Inspiration for Your Relationship 1 . Create Meaningful Words That Only You Two understand We all love to hear our partner say I love you! As much as possible, but how about hearing our partner say You are the Jelly to my Jam!? Would that be as meaningful? It would be If Jelly and Jam was your favorite combination of tastes! Another example may be that you love surf and turf more than any other food; Therefore, your partner is your surf and turf. You two have shared inside moments together that mean something to only you two, so use those moments to create special words that you can use that nobody else in a million years would get, just like the jelly and jam. Not only will your partner feel good about the way you acknowledge them in a cute way, it one else has with you.Task: Take the time to reflect on what your partner really finds meaningful. What do they associate with good feelings and happiness? What makes them smile when they talk about it or get excite d when they see it? Now use that information to your advantage and really show them how much you care by making it part of how you show them what they mean to you. Page 3 2. Suggest Something to Do That Means Something Special To Your Partner If you know how your partner feels about things then you can use those things to convey how you feel about your partner. Every one of us associates words and memories with emotions.Good word and good memories correspond to good motions its as simple as that. Good emotions around or towards our partners can make us feel more attracted or connected to our partner, so if you are the one making your partner feel good then you can bet your partner will feel good towards you as well. If your partner associates the beach with the happiest moment of their life, and you suggest going to the beach, then they are going to feel good about you. Their happiness will instantly come to life when you mention the beach and that emotion will pass on to how they feel about you. See how that works?Task: What is special to your partner? What makes them giddy and excited and feel good? If they like watching a certain TV show then sugges t that you watch it. Even if its something as simple as going to bed and cuddling before your fall asleep may be enough to make your partner feel good about you. Just make sure its THEIR favorite thing and not yours. Page 4 3. Say Something to Your Partner That They REALLY Want To Hear There are many times in a relationship when we dont compliment or praise our partner when we should. We may avoid doing it because of our ego or pride, or we may avoid doing it because we are feeling selfish.Youve probably done this. Its when your partner is proud of something in their lives and is fishing for a positive statement from you but all you give them is a look, or worse you say something negative instead of positive. For example, maybe you went bowling and they bowled a good you tried to make them feel bad for winning. How does this help your relationship? It doesnt. When you withhold compliments or praise because of your ego or pride then you are missing an opportunity to really make your partner feel good about themselves and about you.You can only win from making your partner eel good. Task: The next time you see an opportunity today to make them feel good, take it, even if it means making them look better than you in some way. Dont pass by the opportunity to make them feel good and bring your relationship closer because of your pride or ego. Page 5 4. Create a Game of Pointing Out the Positives in the Other Person This doesnt have to follow some great thing that they did that deserves recognition. This is Just about them as a person and can be played at anytime of the day regardless of what is happening.You can sit down with your partner and take turns ailing each other what you think is good about them. Maybe they can play the guitar like a rocks, or maybe they can make you laugh no matter how down you are. Whatever their personal positives are tell them. Dont generalize by saying something like muff are funny. Make it more specific by saying muff always know how to make me laugh when you do that silly face. The more specific you are the more it will mean to your partner. Task: Sit down and play this game with your partner. You dont have to name a thousand things that you think are positive.And oh dont have to turn it into a competition about who can think of more positive things (hurt feelings are bound to come from that kind of competition when one person runs out of things to say. ) Just try and name 5 things about each other to start and you will receive the benefits from it. Page 6 5. Spend Time Pointing out Positives in the Relationship This is not about you or your partner but instead its about your relationship. This is putting the focus on the positives in the relationship. Pointing out what is working in the relationship is contrary to what we normally do which is point out the worst of he relationship.You may find that one day of this will not be enough and it may start done at least once a week. Not only will talking about why the relationship is good make you feel closer, but it will allow you to do more of the things that you find positive because you will realize the effect it has on your relationship. Task: Sit down and spend some time discussing the things you think are really great about your relationship. Make sure you fully listen when your partner is talking so that you can really see how the relationship affects them in a positive way and make sure that those positives stay around. GE 7 6. Talk about When You Met and Remember the Feelings That You Had During That Time Reflecting on the moments of when you met will not only feel good but it will also bring back those early feelings of lust, infatuation, and desire. Once you start to really discuss those early moments then you will experiences the feelings that you felt at that time and therefore you will start to feel the same way towards your partner as that time. Its true. After ten years of being with someone you can bring back some intense passion Just by recollecting on the past.It doesnt matter how many times oh do it either because those feelings will never change. Not unless you have a time machine to recreate a new feeling from the past. Those feelings are memories that are there for good and they are not going away! Task: Talk about the first time you saw each other and what you were thinking and felt at that time. Page 8 7. Talk about Your Life Together Since You Met In a committed relationship your life is deeply entangled. Most likely you spend at the very least 50% or more of your time together. Thats a huge chunk of your life!Reflecting on your time together will bring you closer by default. You will feel more like a team in life and you will be more aware of what your partner really does for you, and with you, in your life. Once you realize that you are a team you will start to act more like a team in life. One thing to focus on would be new things that youve experienced together like buying your first house or going on your first vacation to Mama. These are experiences in life that you have shared together and thats exciting. The bad moments that you have shared like a death or another loss thats okay too.The point is you are discussing your life together and the obstacles youve overcome or that Joy that youve shared. Page 9 8. Evaluate Your Week as a Couple and Improve I first read about this in Jack Canfield The Success Principles. He mentions how he asks his wife to rate him 1 out of 10 for the week and then give him reasons why she gave that answer. This is a great idea! Not only will you become more aware of how your actions and words affect your partner but you will add a new level of communication into your relationship that most couples dont have. Not many people can be honest about what they would like to change in their partner. And not many people can take the criticism that their partner gives them. If you can manage to do both on a level that doesnt involve anger and hurt then you will be on your way to an amazing relationship. Task: Sit down at bedtime and ask your partner for an honest rating on a scale of 1 to 10. Let him or her explain why they have given you this rating and listen completely. Then promise to work no those areas that bothered him or her so that you can receive a better score next time.Then switch roles. Remember keep your ego and pride out of it and Just focus on having a better relationship. This quinine can really help your relationship improve if you are honest and open. Page 10 9. Make the Most of Your Time Together Dont waste a minute today. When you are together be aware of that fact and cherish it. Live in the moment! So often we allow ourselves to get caught up with the TV or the computer and dont even notice our partner sitting next to us. This does nothing healthy for the relationship. When you are together make sure you laugh and enjoy your time.If something is bothering you then discuss it and get it out of the way so that you can really enjoy your time together. Task: Really focus on your partner when oh are together. Notice every movement, word, and action made by your partner and enjoy it. This will allow you to live in moment and really enjoy each others company. If you go to bed feeling good about your partner and the time spent Page 1 1 10. Create a Special Date Focused Only On Your Relationship High Points Remember the feeling you got about talking about when you first met, and reliving those feelings?This is going to recreate that same feeling or maybe even surpass it. Make a date together and plan to spend that time visiting places that meant something really good to your relationship. Task: If you have the time today then revisit some places that meant something to you like the place where you first kissed. If you dont have the time to go out then make a date to do it in the near future and instead focus on the places in your house together for today. Like the place where you first made love in the house or where you had some great moment of laughter and Joy. Age 12 1 1 . Remove Your Ego from the Relationship for the Day Im right. Its my way or the highway. But Id rather do this It should be done this way. Anything that you find yourself saying on a normal basis Stop for a day. If you ALWAYS want the dishes done a certain way and feel as though there is no other way to do it relax, take a breath, and let your partner do it their way for a day. Give up your power for a day and Just let it be. You will find that you will experience two things from doing this.First you will allow your partner to feel as though they are not wrong in the way they do things that they are equal in the relationship. Second you will find that you will feel a sense of letting go that comes from living outside of your ego. You will feel less stressed and anxious and more relaxed and in the moment. Task: Make today the day that you go with the flow. Dont get upset or anxious if things are not done your way (the right way) but instead allow yourself to see things form a new point of view (your partners point of view). Page 13 12. Write a Love Letter to Your Partner Words can say a lot.They mean something when they are said or written. The difference is that your partner can take those written words around with them forever and re-read them exactly as they are written. You will find that many older people still have a special note or picture that they still carry around with them after any years of being with someone. It means something special. Its something to look at. Plus writing how you feel is a lot different than saying how you feel. When you write you can be exact with what you are saying and correct any errors that you made.You dont have to say l didnt mean that! or Thats not how I meant it! . Task: Write out a lover letter saying why you are thankful for them today or what they mean to you or how grateful you are for last night. Whatever you write make sure it could potentially be something that they will carry around with them until they are older. Page 14 3. Write a Letter of Things You Want to Tell Your Partner But Can t Some things are hard to say. Many people have a hard time telling their partner that they love them, while others have a hard time telling them Just what is bothering them.Whatever it is it should be said. Task: Think of something that you SHOULD tell your partner, something good, and write it out to them. Page 15 14. Give Each other Pet Names and Use Them If you havent already done this then do it! Pet names are a special right for lovers! No one else can call you lover, bunny, sweetie, honey or anything else with the same meaning that they can. Plus, pet names remind you of the bond that you have when the name is said to you. They can lift you up and make you feel better after a long that feels comfortable to you.Once you have a pet name use it. Use it to address them whenever you can appreciate the bond that comes from it. Page 16 15. Remember That Your Words Can Hurt or Repair Always watch what you say to your partner. Your words have the power to hurt them deeply or repair their soul. You choose what you say and how you affect them. It can be easy to get caught up in your ego during a discussion or argument and say meeting you regret, but you may sometimes Just be in a bad mood and allow some hurtful words to come out.Or you may say something that you KNOW will hurt them in some way. Be aware of how you speak to your partner. If you think it may hurt them then and do them no good then dont say it, and if you need them to hear something then say it in the nicest way possible. Try to uplift your partner when they need it as well instead of turning back to whatever task you were doing. For instance, if they tell you that they are not feeling good during your favorite TV show then take a second to ask them why they not feeling good and let them know you care.

102 Week 5 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 5 Journal Response Locate an article, news report, or social media post to respond to. You can also respond to any of the articles or topics discussed in the class. First, summarize what the post is saying and what you understand them to be arguing. Second, respond to the article with what we have been learning in class. Point out fallacies if you see them. Evaluate the argument they are making. Explain any bias you see in the post. Point out unsupported claims. If you agree, help them better support their argument. If you disagree, explain why. Notice the use of Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Make sure your journal response is at least 250 words long. Comment below with a link and your response.

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation on Special Education Essay

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation on Special Education - Essay Example The thrust of the special education movement has been to give students with disabilities access to a general education, remove the stigma of being labeled, and create methods to monitor and measure the success of these programs. The 1975 act was originally known as the Education for the Handicapped Act (EHA) and was designed to give students with disabilities a free education in the least restrictive environment possible (Special education laws, 2005). Subsequent amendments have been aimed at broadening the definition of disabled to include visual impairment and making provisions for including these students in regular classes when possible. Physical and mental challenges have historically been stigmatized and labeling has often been used as a detrimental tool to exclude students from normal activities. The 1975 Act was passed to reduce these social consequences and provide a system that was more fair in its treatment of the disabled. Prior to any legislation regarding special education, disabilities were generally viewed as a negative and the students were often shunted to areas outside the mainstream school system. One of the issues that have framed the special education debate in the last 30 years is the move towards inclusion. ... "outright denial of disability in some cases, illustrated by the contention that disability exists only in attitudes" (Kauffman, McGee, & Brigham, 2004, p.615). This has had the counter-productive effect of making a disability seem as something that does not matter. While this has had the positive effect of making regular classrooms more accessible to students, it has also minimized the challenge that faces these students. In many cases the past 30 years have seen attitudes change from discriminatory to indifference. The long-term outlook for special education in its current form could produce results that are the opposite of what it hopes to accomplish. Pratts (2000) states that " race and social class are being related to levels of academic achievement". This is only logical as we see poverty and family history placing many students at a disadvantage. This impacts the makeup of special education classes because "academic achievement is a strong predictor of referral and eventual placement in special education" (Hosp & Reschly, 2004, p.187). This has the potential to place a disproportionate number of students into special education based on socio-economic class. If the current movement of inclusion creates an environment of indifference, these students may become isolated and neglected. Public awareness of the realities of being disabled needs to be continually addressed. Without creating a proper public attitude towards special education, we may create a system that is less restrictive and mor e fair, but we also may cultivate an atmosphere of injustice. Feelings of awkwardness have often been a part of my own personal reaction to students with disabilities. In the past I was uncomfortable confronting their disabilities due to my confusion about whether or not they

Managing processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing processes - Essay Example Next this paper will perform an in-depth analysis of the contributing factors of the firm that has made it so successful in today’s climate. The origins of Primark are in Ireland in where in1969 the company was set up as ABF but traded as ‘Penneys’ (The Times, 2007). According to the company website by the end of 1971 there were twelve stores in Ireland and one additional store in Northern Ireland (Primark.co.uk 2009) However, it was not until the late 1990’s that the organization really started to reach its full potential as operating as Primark. The president of the company Arthur Ryan made a drastic decision to redirect the focus of ABF towards what would ultimately be the youth fashion market. It was in 1995 that Primark had a significant shift in the growth of their business with acquisition of the BHS One-Up discount chain of stores in the UK. It was from this new acquisition that, according to The Times (2007), Arthur Ryan (President of the company) became the driving force of the organsiation to continue to purchase a great deal of stock to drive down costs in an effort to be the cheapest merchants on every High street. At the moment according to Retail-Week.com (2005) Primark controls 2.5% but this trend is growing for the organization. Speaking of the ‘Value’ clothing market it has been further estimated that the market in the UK alone is worth  £6.4 billion (Retail-Week, 2005) and again this is a growing trend. According to McDougall writing for The Guardian, Primark has faced a number of allegations of unethical behavior in the last few years (2009). Earlier this year the firm was accused of paying illegal immigrants to make knitwear for the firm and stands accused of paying them just  £3.50 an hour which is under the national minimum wage. These allegations come after media accusations in 2008 that the firm was sourcing goods from textile mills in developing

Nursing; Effective patient transfer within UK hospital Essay

Nursing; Effective patient transfer within UK hospital - Essay Example The multidisciplinary team (MDT) will be working in all aspects of the discharge process. Effective discharge of patients from hospital includes a successful transition of a patient from secondary to primary care. A good communication and planning is important in this process. There must be an effective coordination and collaboration between the PCT and all of the different partners in the care process so that services are seamless and responsive to changing need. The Primary Care Trust (PCT) is the leader in developing the care management in a hospital. Working together with other government companies to be able to achieve its aim to have The NHS plan, to be able to produce a modern, flexible and patient-centered NHS. The NHS is the one responsible in improving the policy in discharging patient. The government is continuing its aim to improve the policy and guidelines in discharging a patient. NHS has made several adjustments on its process . The aim of the policy in discharging patient is to ensure the effective patient care, the appropriate, timely placement of patients dependent on their individual needs and the wider effective management of the elective and emergency workload across the Trust. The discharge planning for patients will start at the admission or at pre-admission clinics for elective patients. The Clinical Team will be the one ensuring that the patient remains in the timely pathway to discharge. The ward managers will be the designated personnel in facilitating this process. Base on the policy done by the Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Trust, there are several principles that underpinned the discharge policy: Each patient discharge will be assessed by the multidisciplinary team with the help of the patient, relatives, and carer. The assessment will start on or before the patient will be admitted. A leader will be selected by the care team to take the responsibility in identifying the discharge date and make sure that the discharge process will be effective. Every patient will be treated with respect. If in any case the patient will reject the care being extended, his decision will be respected. In case of disabled patient all his needs will be given. The MDT will assess the case of each patient. They will classify it base on the severity of the patient. This will be treated first and will be given proper attention to avoid over staying in the hospital. All the discharge planned along with the dates and contact numbers will be clearly documented. The checklist will be available such as the one being used by the Nursing Assessment. The care providers will be informed instantly about the plan for discharge. Relatives and carers will be given proper attention. If necessary they will be assessed by the social services. Patients will be provided with proper health education and support relating to the discharge process. All the information given to patients, families and carers will be consistent with that given by community agencies. The patient will have access to information about the discharge arrangements. Any instruction given regarding the discharge arrangement will be provided in a written form. This include the following: leaflets, booklets, advice sheets following operations, relevant contact numbers should the patient or carer

Regimes of Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments

Regimes of Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments A comparison of the similarities and differences of the respective regimes of recognition and enforcement of judgments under Council Regulation 44/2001 with those provided by the English Common Law. As a Member State of the European Union, the United Kingdom is subject to two regimes of recognition and enforcement of judgments. One is the domestic system that has developed under the English common law, while the other has been imposed upon the English legal system by the European Council, through Regulation 44/2001. These two regimes are similar in many ways, although there also significant differences between them. The Council Regulation acknowledges that in the pursuit of a community in which free movement of persons is ensured, there needs to be ‘measures relating to judicial cooperation in civil matters which are necessary for the sound operation of the internal market.’ Furthermore, it expressly recognizes that judicial differences between the national rules of member states governing jurisdiction and recognition of judgments ‘hamper the sound operation of the internal market’. The Regulation seeks to establish the free movement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, and it can therefore be seen as a harmonizing measure. It replaced the Brussels Convention on jurisdiction. The Regulation is based upon the principle that there should be a high level of predictability in the area of judicial enforcement and recognition. This can be seen as in-keeping with the general aims of the Community as set out in the earlier Treaties. Article 32 of the Regulation defines ‘judgment’ as ‘any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a member state, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This deals with any semantic difficulties of interpretation throughout the Member States, and ensures that all judgments that should properly be described as judgments are so. The Regulation goes on to state that a judgment in one Member State will be recognized, without the need for any special procedure, in other Member States. This can be seen as differing to some extent from the common law regime in England, under which a specific treaty with the country in which the original judgment was obtained is required in order for that judgment to be enforced. Such was the result of the Brussels and Legano Conventions, which the Regulation has sought to amend. If this is not in existence, the jurisdiction of an English court will depend upon where the process was served upon the defendant. At common law, there is a distinction between service upon a defendant within the jurisdiction, and service upon a defendant outside the jurisdiction. Where the defendant is outside the jurisdiction, service upon such a defendant requires the permission of the court (under the Civil Procedure Rules Part 6). There are a number of other significant factors to which attention must be paid under the English common law relating to recognition of judgments. These factors include the nationality of the court which gave judgment (as was mentioned above relating to the question of whether a treaty exists with that country); the subject matter of the action (that is, whether it is an action in personam or in rem; a distinction which the Regulation also makes); as well as the nature of the order made by the court outside of the jurisdiction. The regime under the common law makes provision for the ‘registration’ of judgments, particularly of those from the Commonwealth and other Western European countries (under the Administration of Justice Act 1920, s9(1)). Once registered, a judgment has the same force and effect as if the judgment had originally been obtained from the registering court on the day of registration. Furthermore, foreign judgments can be registered under the Foreign Ju dgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933. The effect of this is the same as registered judgments under the AJA; namely that the judgment obtains the force and effect it would have if granted in the registering court. These provisions, then, require a foreign judgment to be registered in the UK in order for it to be enforceable and recoverable on. This is considerably more protracted and complex than under the European regime brought in by Regulation 44/2001. This is more straightforward, although of course more limited. While a judgment obtained in a court of a Member State will be applicable throughout the Community, and actionable upon, this extends only to the other Member States as opposed to under British law, whereby the judgment of a court of any nationality will be recognized and enforced, so long as it is registered in accordance with the statutory provisions. Further principles have developed under the common law in England regarding what judgments will be enforceable. It is established that the judgment in personam of a court of ‘competent jurisdiction’ will be enforceable in England provided that it is for a definite sum of money, and it is final and conclusive. These conditions add little to the statutory provisions other than a requisite degree of certainty. This can be seen to differ from the Regulation which stipulates that even a judgment for a ‘periodic payment by way of penalty’ will be enforceable but only if the amount has been finally determined. There is no requirement, then, under Article 49, for the payment to be final and conclusive. There are, then, certain important differences between the two regimes on recognition and enforcement of judgments to which the UK is subject. Despite this, however, the Regulation sought to harmonise the laws relating to enforcement to promote the free movement of judgments within the Community. It has achieved this without infringing too much on the existing English regime which maintains it applicability to judgments from courts of nationalities outside the Community.

Urban Legend of Car Headlights Essay -- Urban Legends

Lights Out In preparation for this writing assignment, I interviewed about 15 students at the University to collect their urban legends. One legend, often called â€Å"Lights Out,† was mentioned by just about all of the students I interviewed. Those who did not mention it on their own recognized it when I described it. I interviewed a 19-year-old male sophomore who anticipates getting into the School of Business. He transferred from Community College this past fall, and currently lives with a relative in a nearby off-campus home. He went to a small Catholic high school. He recalls first hearing this legend early in high school, probably between freshman and sophomore year. After telling him the purpose of the interview, I began the conversation by asking if he knew any urban legends, to which he replied: Ummm, maybe (pensive)†¦ you mean like the gang killer story? (looks excited)... It’s something like, (change to more serious tone) if you see a car driving on the road, coming toward you with no headlights on, and you flash your headlights at them, they will turn around and chase you down and kill you†¦ I think gangs really do that though (slight smile), so I guess it’s a non-urban legend. He told me the story rather quickly, but in an uncharacteristically serious tone, and maintained eye contact during the performance. The story he told is not really very long or involved with characters and exact places, but I interpret that as an element that makes the story more likely to circulate, since the lack of specificity implies it could happen to anyone, anywhere. Normally, this individual cannot say a single sentence without laughing, joking, or including some kind of sarcasm, but his tone while he quickly reviewed this ... ...ecause those who do get screwed.† It could mean that people who worry about the safety of others instead of their own are at the greatest risk. Works Cited Armstrong, David. (1994, January 23). "Police label gang story a hoax; Rumors of motorists killed in initiation rite spread from coast to coast." The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 7, 2006 from LexisNexis; keyword â€Å"gang headlights legend.† Emery, David. â€Å"Flash Your Headlights and Die!, Netlore Archive: Resurgence of a terrifying urban legend about aspiring gang members opening fire on oncoming drivers who innocently flashed their headlights† (10 paragraphs). Retrieved April 7, 2006 from http://www.urbanlegends.about.com/library/blbyol.htm. Mikkelson, Barbara. (2005, October 29). â€Å"Lights Out!† (31 paragraphs). Retrieved April 7, 2006 from http://www.snopes.com/horrors/madmen/lightsout.asp.

Muslims and Science

THEME OF ESSAY Please read the short book  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMuslims and Science'  by Pervaiz Hoodhbhoy. Provide your views on the central argument of this book. Building on your knowledge from Bronowski and Sagan, what were the vital characteristics that allowed Western civilization to outpace Muslim civilization in the development of science in the modern period? Muslims and Science By Zara Abbas(11020043) Perspective Ever since the advent of Islam in 7th Century, the Muslim civilization rapidly rose to the forefront of human achievement.Remarkable progress was made not only in the fields of sciences and philosophy – i. e. mathematics, astrology, astronomy, optics, cartography, medicine, anthropology, logic and literature – but they also became the dominant military and economic power of the world by the 13th Century. These accomplishments were made possible by a number of underlying factors prevailing at that time in Muslim history.The significant ones being the territorial and commercial expansion of Muslim influence to a vast area where a treasure trove of Greek, Persian and Roman works in science, medicine and philosophy was made available to their intellectuals to build upon; Patronage and encouragement was given to Muslim scholars by the ruling elite of that time, several universities were built in the Muslim lands and a spirit of freedom for inquisitive research across the religious divide was created and encouraged.But then, owing to a raging and endless conflict between the forces of logic and reason and those of rigid religious fundamentalism, Muslim Science lost its appeal and eventually disappeared into near oblivion. Resultantly, the culture of patronage of those seeking knowledge and the pursuit of excellence in the fields of sciences and the arts also died. The Muslim World today, comprising 57 countries and 1. 57 billion people – which is roughly one fifth of the world population – has made no significant contribution to s cience or offered anything substantial towards technology[1] during the last 500 years.It remains in a state of intellectual stagnation while its inept and corrupt leaders rule without any vision or foresight. Budgetary allocations for sciences and general education in most Islamic countries are low resulting in their dependence on the West for survival in vital areas of human activity. Their collective wealth of human capital and vast preserve of natural resources are being wasted on non-development expenditures. The continuing cycle of regressive policy formulation has perpetuated poverty, conflict and instability in most Muslim countries.This deliberate neglect has not only created frustration and despondency amongst the Muslim youth but has also provided space to the orthodox religious forces to breed a deep rooted hatred for the ‘Christian West’ being a convenient scapegoat. In the context of Pakistan and its regional geo-political environment we find ourselves tra pped in a serious internal conflict, socio-economic insecurity, political instability and institutional collapse which have retarded the pace of societal progress. This bleak scenario provides enough motivation to dejected members of the society to join extremist elements for their self actualization.When the sad decline of Muslims began after almost 5 centuries of world domination, the West started overtaking them in every field of human enterprise ranging from means of warfare, industry, economics, education, governance and culture. This ascendency of European nations is attributed to the collapse of feudal economy, relegation of the Church from socio-political dominance to mere religious preaching, emergence of capitalistic economy, development of a secular and rational approach towards scientific and social education[2] and lastly the productive cum commercial usefulness of science and technology for the human race.Unfortunately, the gap between both civilizations in the domain of scientific research and technological advancement has steadily widened during the last 400 years. It is therefore imperative upon the Islamic world to take drastic but pragmatic measures to stem the tide; otherwise we are headed towards an impending disaster. This is precisely the ‘Central Argument’ of Dr. Parvez Hoodbhoy’s Book ‘Muslims and Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality†.Although a nuclear physicist by profession, Dr Hoodbhoy has shown remarkable insight into a subject of academic specialization and contemporary importance and has produced a timely and dispassionate analysis of the causes of decline of the Muslim world in the fields of sciences after remaining in the forefront for centuries. His persuasive and lucid style of argument, which at times seems rather offensive for typical Pakistani (i. e.Muslim) sensibilities, takes the reader through the entire spectrum of factors affecting the Muslim loss of wo rld leadership and retreat from modernity. Simultaneously, he also highlights the special characteristics of the Western nations that propelled them towards human excellence and accomplishment not only in sciences but also in societal activity. Finally, he also suggests some functional and sensible measures to progressively take the Muslims onto the path of modernity and scientific enterprise in harmony with our Islamic ethos. AimThe aim of this essay is to enunciate my own reflections on the decline of Muslim society after leading the world for centuries as against the ascendency of Western powers through their superior human actualization with a view to proposing a realistic way forward for the Muslims in light of the notions expressed by Hoodbhoy, Bronowski and Sagan. What Ails The Muslim World Over the past five centuries people in Islamic societies have tried to come to terms with the reality of their relegation to being the world’s ‘followers’ after remaini ng its ‘leading light’ for an equally long period in the medieval ages.The crucial but relevant question of, ‘What went wrong? ’ agitates the minds of Muslim intellectuals and youth alike. But beyond seeking scapegoats the question remains unanswered. There seems to be no common agreement and honest acknowledgement of our own failings that led to our sad but steady decay, particularly so in the arena of scientific development. However, armed with my study of the subject ‘Science and Civilization’ I shall briefly put forward an objective view of the malaise afflicting the Muslims. 1. Historical Causes of Muslim Decline a.Orthodoxy versus Rationality. The long drawn clash (801 – 1406 AD) between the supporters of Pre destination/Revelation and other Orthodox/Conservative scholars of Sharia, Theology and Islamic jurisprudence (represented by Al Ghazali, Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Al Ashari, Ibn e Taymia, Al Maalik) and the Qadarites/Mutazlites (i. e . the proponents of Free Will, Ethics and Reason represented by Al Kindi, Al Razi, Ibn e Sina, Ibn e Rushd and Ibn e Khaldun)[3] eventually led to the victory of the forces of ossified religiosity and swept rational thought away from Islamic intellectualism.Thus the hitherto patronage, respect and support extended to the scholars by the nobility of the times were also withdrawn under pressure from the conservatives. Sadly, the separation between the fundamentalists and secular/rational Muslims became complete and exists till the present times. Thereafter, no one could dare combine reason with revelation in Islam. The edifice of Islamic science and intellectual glory was reduced to ruin and could not be rebuilt. b. Non Scientific Attitude.As a logical corollary of the aforementioned rigidity of thought amongst the Muslim Orthodoxy, the attitudinal notions required for the nurture and development of sciences did not evolve in the Muslim world after the defeat of rationality. The arriv al of dogma and rigidity in Muslim intellectual thought led them to the rejection of ‘prediction’, ‘imagination’, ‘curiosity or the spirit of inquiry’ and ‘the will or urge to control one’s physical environment to human advantage’- essential ingredients of scientific knowledge – resulting in the death of creative activity.Likewise, Muslims of the ‘post golden age’ inherited a general lack of spirit and interest in ‘theoretical’ learning of various sciences owing to their insignificant material reward or utility. They would rather opt for acquisition of practical knowledge for ‘utilitarian’ ends instead of developing a general atmosphere of learning where ‘abstract thought’ and ‘spiritual values could be nurtured. [4] This general apathy towards academic learning steadily became a societal attitude amongst the Muslim generations which exists even today. c. Musli m Educational System.The traditional concept and orientation of education in Muslim societies aims at harmonizing all knowledge with Islamic thought whereby the student remains wedded to his/her Islamic ethos. This develops an attitude of ‘acquiring revealed knowledge’ being a Divine command rather than ‘discovering’ it through inquisitive and participative means. The traditional mode of education followed over centuries in the Muslim world led them to nurture the values of ‘rote learning’, ‘historical and conceptual continuity’,[5] ‘self righteousness’ and ‘rigidity’ in their psyche.Their consequent inability to respond and adjust to a constantly changing world denied them the chance to progress and achieve scientific excellence. d. Capitalism versus Islamic Law. The scientific and industrial revolution in Europe transformed a hitherto feudal society into a modern capitalistic culture. This was achieved t hrough the creation of a bourgeois class capable of investments, innovations and structural changes to coordinate the new means of production and technical progress with the new complex economic challenges.This automatically led to the development of a comprehensive legal system for regulation and dispute resolution of the new socio economic realities. [6] As against this the Islamic jurisprudence, being derived from Quranic injunctions and Prophetic traditions, has a fixed set of rules and defining principles within which justice is to be provided and these laws cannot not be altered or modified to suit changing situations. Therefore, capitalist economy could not take root and develop in its classical sense in Muslim societies. . Economic Causes. When the colonization of Muslim lands in began in the 18th Century, Muslim civilization was urban based with the city dwellers depending on the continuous and assured supply of means of subsistence from the rural peasantry. Such supplies w ould continue even during conditions of famine or strife with state assistance. Therefore, Muslim economies of that time remained immune from Europe’s revolutionary advancement.Likewise, Muslim urban centers never developed municipal or corporate institutions meant for stimulation of economic growth through industry and trade. [7] As a result the Muslim economic order of that era could not compete with Europe’s phenomenal economic growth. f. Means of Warfare. The steady European advancement in the means of warfare (concepts and weaponry) along with the progress made in industry and technology after the 15th Century was also an important factor in causing European victories on the battlefield.By comparison the Muslims could not generate comparable military muscle/prowess. This incompatibility increased substantially by the 18th Century resulting in the occupation of Muslim territories in North Africa, Spain, Balkans, Russia, India and Iran culminating into the colonizat ion of almost the entire Muslim world by the 19th Century. [8] g. Non Existence of a Power Structure. The power structure of a society determines its dominant attitudes towards scientific enquiry and acquisition of knowledge.In the absence of a central authority wielding politico-religious and military power as against the Church in medieval Europe, the Islamic world did not possess the means of exercising control over its territories/subjects and resolving disputes. This inherent weakness laid bare the possibility of insurrection by powerful religious factions/sects, seizing control of distant lands by usurpers or mobilization of the majority sect against minority viewpoint on liberal religious groups. 9] This was a serious organizational weakness that eventually proved detrimental to the political, economic and intellectual ascendency of the Islamic society. 2. Present State of Muslim Science/Education a. Scientific Progress. A recent study of the World Bank indicates that the qua lity of scientific as well as general education in the Muslim World is rapidly falling behind the rest of the World and needs urgent attention if it is to cope with the demands of the future.While some Islamic countries – like Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Malaysia, Iran and Nigeria – have drastically increased their respective resource allocations to boost general education and the Sciences, their traditional attitudes towards the education of women, non separation of religious thought from the secular nature of scientific education and discouraging a scientific culture based upon innovation, quantification and empirical verification remain uncompromising to this date. b. Science in the Productive Sector.Despite a universal recognition of the importance of industrial sector for a nation’s economic growth, value added production of contemporary Muslim economies is woefully low. Barring Malaysia, the nature of economy of key Muslim countries remains basical ly agro and mineral extraction. [10] Therefore their accumulated economic strength/capacity is comparatively lower than other developing economies. This indicates that the ‘science to production’ ratio is negligible with little indications of improvement. c. Scientific Output.The overall scientific output of Muslim countries, as indicated by the number of science research papers published together with the citations to them, indicates that we stand alarmingly low in comparison with others like India, Brazil, China and USA. Likewise, we find that 46 Muslim countries contributed 1. 17 % of the world’s science literature as against 1. 66% and 1. 48% respectively from India and Spain alone. Interestingly, 20 Arab countries contributed 0. 55% in comparison to 0. 89 % by Israel. Moreover, the scientific worth or quality of a fairly large number of these papers was not only below par but some were even plagiarized.A study by academics at the International Islamic Univer sity Malaysia showed that OIC countries have 8. 5 scientists, engineers, and technicians per 1000 population, compared with a world average of 40. 7, and 139. 3 for countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. [11] It is also a known fact that the number of Muslim Nobel Laureates is still in single digit in comparison to hundreds from Israel alone. This state of affairs does not augur well for the future of Muslim science. d. Scientific Enterprises.Over the last decade or so Muslim Governments have been steadily increasing their S & T budgets with a view to inducing greater scientific activity. The existing average spending of 57 Islamic countries on R & D is 0. 3% of their GNP which remains far below the global average of 2. 4%. [12] Nonetheless, the there is a perceptible trend of higher spending in major Muslim countries. But bigger budgets alone would not arrest the deteriorating standards unless the capacity to spend these monies is also built simult aneously on developing a critical mass of scientists, engineers and technicians besides improving their quality and professionalism.Recent surveys also indicate that spending on higher education has increased significantly resulting in a sharp rise in the number of institutions, students and infrastructural improvements. But these centers of learning still lack the qualitative edge that could make them rank amongst the foremost 500 in the world which is not the case at the moment. e. Educational Paradox – Pakistan’s Context. Ever since Pakistan’s independence no government has ever given education any status in the list of its national priorities.The public sector expenditure on this vital sector has remained abysmally low (i. e. ranging between 2. 16% to 2. 42 % of GDP from 2003-08 but was reduced to a paltry 2% in 2010 budget)[13] which compares poorly with other South Asian countries. This has left Pakistan’s literacy rates as the lowest in the region (i. e. 57% – which is 69% males and 45% females). [14] The poor quality of the learning environment is evident from the fact that a large number of schools lack basic infrastructure — 37. per cent of the schools up to the elementary level don’t have boundary walls, 33. 9 per cent lack drinking water facility, 37 per cent don’t have latrines and 60 per cent are without electricity. [15] Owing to the criminal neglect of various successive governments in formulating coherent and sustainable education policies for the people by investing in this vital sector, we have not only ended up losing precious generations to the vicissitudes of time but have also denied them the opportunity to improve their lot through acquisition and development of skills.Apart from this, the general apathy and indifference shown towards education by our rulers has led to the creation of a stratified system of educational prejudice. In that the ‘rich and the elite’ go to the private ‘English medium’ schools while the ‘commoner class’ attends the government run ‘Urdu medium’ schools. This puts the common citizen at an unfair disadvantage against the well to do child when both aspire and compete for admission into professional institutions. Recommendations In the words from Dr. Hoodbhoy borrowed from one of his recent papers, ‘Progress will require behavioral changes.If Muslim societies are to develop technology instead of just using it, the ruthlessly competitive global marketplace will insist on not only high skill levels but also intense social work habits. Science can prosper among Muslims once again, but only with a willingness to accept certain basic philosophical and attitudinal changes—i. e. shrug off the dead hand of tradition, reject fatalism and absolute belief in authority, accept the legitimacy of temporal laws, value intellectual rigor and scientific honesty, and respect cultural and pe rsonal freedoms.The struggle to usher in science will have to go side-by-side with a much wider campaign to elbow out rigid orthodoxy and bring in modern thought, arts, philosophy, democracy, and pluralism’. Within this forthright observation lies an abstract framework of our future plan of action based on common sense and principles of logic and reason. However, we would need to tread this path with farsighted prudence and devise our strategic thinking in harmony with the obtaining socio political realities of the Islamic world.Such an approach warrants a judicious and systematic execution but profound application so that the reform process permeates into the Muslim soul without agitating its impassioned sensibilities. The new model of our education philosophy should recognize and affirm that science and religion are complementary and not contradictory to each other. Therefore, the revised concept of scientific education should clearly state that both disciplines are separat e domains which do not overlap; and that there can never be a conflict between the two as long as their protagonists do not stoke public passions for self aggrandizement.The other areas where reform is proposed are listed below: †¢ Remodel the entire concept/ philosophy of general education at the primary /secondary levels with a view to developing the traits of inquisitiveness, empirical and deductive thought process and the ability to challenge/question precepts and assumptions. †¢ Basic education up to Matriculation (or equivalent standard) should be made compulsory for all citizens (both genders) in all Muslim countries. †¢ Budgetary allocation for education be brought at par with laid down UNESCO standards. Revitalize the tertiary and post graduate education system by improving the infrastructure and facilities, provision of high quality teaching staff and improving the quality/worth of scientific research. †¢ Current standards of vocational training for ski ll development of technicians should be refined, upgraded and rejuvenated to match the ongoing technological advancement. †¢ The syllabi of Deeni Madaris (religious schools) should be suitably revamped and harmonized with the current trends in modern education. †¢ The existing disparity between the standards of education/syllabi of Public and private schools be minimized at priority.BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991) †¢ Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002) †¢ Jacob Bronowski, â€Å"The Ascent of Man† (1973) †¢ Carl Sagan, â€Å"Cosmos† (1980) †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† , â€Å"Physics Today† August 2007 pg 49 < http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. sh tml? bypassSSO=1 > †¢ â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 < http://www. khilafah. com/index. hp/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-falling-behind > †¢ Dr. Ahmad shafaat, â€Å"a review of Pervez Hoodbhoy, Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and Battle for Rationality† November 2002 < http://www. islamicperspectives. com/ReviewPervezHoodbhoy. htm > †¢ Khawar Ghumman, â€Å"Only two percent of GDP Spent on Education†, Dawn. Com, (5 Jun 2010) , < http://www. dawn. com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/21-only-2pc-of-gdp-spent-on-education-560-sk-09 > ———————– [1] â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 < http://www. khilafah. om/index. php/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-fallin g-behind > [2] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 2 &161. [3]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991),pg 115 – 141. [4]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 145 – 149. [5] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 149 – 154. 6] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 154 – 156. [7] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 157 †“ 160. [8] Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002), pg 18 – 34. [9]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), pg 161. [10]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims & Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), pg 34 – 37. 11] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy(2007), â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics today’ August 2007 pg 49 < http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 > [12] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics Today’ August 2007 pg 49 < http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 > [13] Government of Pakistan – Ministries of Finance and Education –