Central Approaches Underpinning The Youth Justice System

Prior to engaging with critical consideration of the central approaches underpinning the youth justice system in England and Wales, it is worth drawing attention to the system itself. Originally, the categories of adult and young offenders did not exist in the justice system, which prompted their uniform disposal and retribution. The nineteenth century witnessed a significant development in the area of the English criminal justice system with the realisation that juveniles could not accept full criminal responsibility for their deeds, resulting in a further reformation of the system. One legal enactment is of particular note for the discussion further in the present paper, namely the 1963 Children and Young Persons Act , which increased†¦show more content†¦For most of the twentieth century, England and Wales were dominated by the welfare approach. In essence, it entails that due to insufficiently developed capabilities, children lack full responsibility and society has the moral obligation to foster and ensure their well-being. Furthermore, the unique position of children is recognised through the policies predicating this model of justice. Juveniles’ criminal conduct is deemed to be associated with problems on a mental or community level, which warrant that their specific needs are more aptly addressed through actions external to the justice system. This approach postulates that the focus of governmental policies and practices should be children, their essential necessities and redirection away from the penal system. What follows is an outline of the essential characteristics of the punishment model, which is often considered in contrast to the welfare approach discussed above. From the 1980s onwards, the welfare practices were displaced by the punishment justice approach. The critical analysis dictates that it would be useful for the present discussion to make a nexus here between the two approaches as fears for subverting democratic principles, such as the rule of law, due process and proportionality were prevailing at that time and they are seen as the main cause for the shift in justice models. The rationale behind the punishment mode is based on the premise that children should be

History of Islam - 1232 Words

Islam Out of the many interesting religions, Islam has uniqueness to it. The name, Islam stems from the word â€Å"Salam† that means peace. The word â€Å"Muslim† which means a follower of Islam refers to a person who submits him or herself to the will of God. Muhammad founded Islam in the year 622CE. This particular religion started when the angel Jibreel supposedly read the first revelation to Muhammad. The Muslims believe in the â€Å"one true God† which they call Allah. Islam is totally based on the word of Allah, and Muslims believe that Islam was revealed to the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in 570 in Mecca, a great trading city on the Arabian Peninsula. He became a successful merchant and he was famous for his honesty, but found himself†¦show more content†¦All Muslims believe that on the Day of Judgment Heaven will be the reward for those Muslims whose good deeds will outweigh evil deeds. All Muslims believe in Al-Qadar, which is Divine Predestination, but belief in Divine Predestination does not mean that human beings do not have any freewill. Muslims believe that God has given human beings freewill. It means that they can choose between wrong and right. â€Å"The Five Pillars of Islam† In addition to the above essentials beliefs of Islam, all Muslims also believe in a framework know the Five Pillars of Islam (Islamic Voice, 1998 August) A Muslim must acknowledge that There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet Salat All Muslims pray five times a day: before sunrise (Fajir), midday (Zuhir), mid afternoon (Asar), after sunset (Magrib), and nightfall (Isha). Muslims also gather in the mosque to pray each Friday, which is holiest day of the week. Muslims believe prayer enlivens and strengthens faith , and inspires them to superior. Fasting During the entire holy month of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from beverages, food and sexual activity from sunrise till sunset. Fasting, teaches love, devotion, sincerity, and helps to develop unselfishness, patience, and social conscience. Zakat It is compulsory for all eligible Muslims thatShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Islam And Islam1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Islam Islam is a religion that was founded in 622 C.E. Its origin is traced to the Arabian Peninsula, and currently has an estimated 1.5 billion followers’ worldwide. The sacred texts that are associated with Islam is the Qur’an and Allah is the Deity they pay homage to. Muslims believe that there is only one true God and several time per day, they stop everything to participate in prayer rituals. The region, in which Islam was founded, was a melting pot of religious beliefs. ThereRead MoreHistory : The History Of Islam823 Words   |  4 Pages The History Of Islam Monica Li March 21, 2017 History 9 Islam was founded in the year 610 AD. The founder was Ubu l-Kassim who was born in Mecca 570 AD, and died in Medina in 632 AD at 62 years old. He was famous as Muhammad, the Prophet. The Islam religion is known by several ways: Islam means complete obey to ALLAH , one God, or God and Creator. Muslim, or Moslem, means to be a follower of the Muslim religion, or the Islamic religion. The word Muhammad, from whichRead MoreHistory of Islam1909 Words   |  8 PagesIslam is the second most practiced religion in the world with 1.5 billion followers worldwide. With six million people practicing Islam in America, it is one of the fastest growing religions in this country. However, since the September 11th terrorist attacks of 2001 the Islamic religion has been under much scrutiny publically in America. Many people who practice this religion have been subjected to discrimination as well as verbal and physical attacks by fellow Americans. However a high levelRead MoreThe Cover Of A History Of Islam975 Words   |  4 PagesThe cover of â€Å"A History of Islam in America† is very controversial if compared to what is written in the text. 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Muhammad, theRead MoreThe Early History Of Islam1297 Words   |  6 Pages THE EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM Lily Grote HUM 2020: Introduction to the Humanities December 1st, 2015 â€Æ' The history of the Islamic religion begins in 610 C.E., with Muhammad ibn Abdallah, a merchant who every year during the month of Ramadan would â€Å"retire to a cave on the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he prayed, fasted and gave alms to the poor.† This was a common practice for many Arabs in the peninsula. Muhammad was a merchant, a member of the tribe QurayshRead MoreHistory of Islam Essay2057 Words   |  9 PagesPre Islamic Era: The word ‘Islam’ refers to the submission to God Almighty. It is described as ‘Deen’ in the Holy Quran which means way of life. The people who follow Islam are known as Muslims and the word itself means the one who surrenders or submits to the will of Allah. Islam was present since forever. Before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), many messengers were sent on this earth to bring people on the right path. All of them preached to worship one God and that the people should consider them theRead MoreHistory and Misinterpretations of Islam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIslam is a widespread religion that is represented in over fifty-seven countries around the world. Muslims primarily originated from the Middle East with great populations in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This dominant religion around the globe makes up the second largest religion behind Christianity. Much of this prevalence is due to the diversity of Islamic practices under Sunni and Shii, wh ich vary in different parts of the world. Just as Judaism and Christianity, Islamic religionRead MoreIslamic History And Themes Of Islam1641 Words   |  7 PagesMuhammad and Islam 1) The religion of Islam was created by Muhammad after he began to get prophetic visions when he was 40 years old. The messages he preached were: monotheism, an imminent day of judgement, as well as social and economic justice for all. Since the start of this class approximately five weeks ago we have learned a great deal about ancient Islamic history and themes that are present throughout the history of Islam. This paper will discuss the relevant aspects of Islamic history, terms usedRead MoreA Brief History of Islam Essay545 Words   |  3 Pages There are three great western religions that through history have globally expanded throughout the world. One of those western religions is Islam. Islam was first introduced and developed on the Arabian Peninsula. Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, is a monotheistic religion. Islam means submission to one god. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. One primary leader of Islam is a man named Muhammad. When an economy began to develop in the Arabian Peninsula and the city of Mecca

Tax Evasion the Black Economy Free Essays

string(191) " has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black\." TAX EVASION It is the general term for efforts by individuals, corporations, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability and includes in particular dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned or overstating deductions. Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy and one measure of the extent of tax evasion is the amount of unreported income, namely the difference between the amount of income that should legally be reported to the tax authorities and the actual amount reported, which is also sometimes referred to as the tax gap. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Evasion the Black Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tax avoidance, on the other hand, is the legal utilization of the tax regime to one’s own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Both tax evasion and avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance, as they describe a range of activities that are unfavorable to a state’s tax system, though such characterization of tax avoidance is suspect, given that avoidance operates lawfully, within self-creating systems Smuggling Smuggling is importation or exportation of foreign products by unauthorized means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband items. A smuggler does not have to pay any customs duty since the products are not routed through an authorized customs port, and therefore are not subjected to declaration and payment of duties and taxes. Ten countries with the largest absolute levels of tax evasion per year. It is estimated that global tax evasion amounts to 5 percent of the global economy. During the latter half of the twentieth century, value added tax (VAT) has emerged as a modern form of consumption tax through the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from the consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. The US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT; the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the federal level (the Goods and Services Tax) and sales taxes at the provincial level; some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and pay the tax on items purchased in another jurisdiction. This means that those consumers who purchase something in a lower-taxed or untaxed jurisdiction with the intention of avoiding VAT or sales tax in their home jurisdiction are in fact breaking the law in most cases. Such evasion is, especially, prevalent in federal states like the Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions have the constitutional power to charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria for example, some local states enforce VAT on each goods sold by trader. The price must be clearly stated and the VAT distinct from the price of the good purchased. Any act by the trader contrary to this (like including VAT in the price of the goods) is punishable as attempting to syphoning the VAT. Borders between tax districts in the same nation usually lack the resources to enforce tax collection on goods carried in private vehicles from one district to another, so states only pursue sales and use tax collection on high-value items such as cars. Government response The level of evasion depends on a number of factors, one of them being fiscal equation. People’s tendency to evade income tax declines when the return for due payment of taxes is not obvious. Evasion also depends on the efficiency of the tax administration. Corruption by the tax officials often render control of evasion difficult. Tax administrations resort to various means for plugging in scope of evasion and increasing the level of enforcement. Corruption by tax officials Corrupt tax officials cooperate with the tax payers who intend to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting in return for illegal gratification or bribe. Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in a huge number of underdeveloped and southern European countries. Level of evasion and punishment Tax evasion is a crime in almost all developed countries and subjects the guilty party to fines and/or imprisonment. In Switzerland, many acts that would amount to criminal tax evasion in other countries are treated as civil matters. Dishonestly misreporting income in a tax return is not necessarily considered a crime. Such matters are handled in the Swiss tax courts, not the criminal courts. In Switzerland, however, some tax misconduct is criminal, for example, deliberate falsification of records. Moreover, civil tax transgressions may give rise to penalties. It is often considered that extent of evasion depends on the severity of punishment for evasion. Normally, the higher the evaded amount, the higher the degree of punishment. BLACK ECONOMY / BLACK MARKET Is the economy in which illegal goods are traded. Du e to the nature of the goods traded, the economy itself is forced to operate outside the formal economy, supported by the established state power. Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services, e. g. â€Å"the black market in bush meat†. The black market is distinct from the grey market, in which commodities are distributed through channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer, and the white market, the legal market for goods and services. Worldwide, the underground economy is estimated to have provided 1. 8 billion jobs. Background The literature on the black market has avoided a common usage and has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black. You read "Tax Evasion the Black Economy" in category "Essay examples" This profusion of vague labels attests to the confusion of a literature attempting to explore a largely uncharted area of economic activity. There is no single black economy; there are many. These black economies are omnipresent, existing in market oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Five specific underground economies can be identified: 1. Illegal Economy 2. Unreported Economy 3. Unrecorded Economy 4. Informal Economy 5. Criminal Acts 1. ILLEGAL ECONOMY The â€Å"illegal economy† consists of the income produced by those economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes defining the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and prostitution. 2. UNREPORTED ECONOMY The â€Å"unreported economy† consists of those economic activities that circumvent or evade the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the unreported economy is the â€Å"tax gap†, namely the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. 3. UNRECORDED ECONOMY The â€Å"unrecorded economy† consists of those economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be recorded in national accounting systems (e. g. National Income and Product Accounts) but is not. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in transition countries that switched from a socialist accounting system to UN standard national accounting. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. But there is still little consensus concerning the size of the unreported economies of transition countries. 4. INFORMAL ECONOMY The â€Å"informal economy† comprises those economic activities that circumvent the costs and are excluded from the benefits and rights incorporated in the laws and administrative rules covering property relationships, commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit and social security systems. A summary measure of the informal economy is the income generated by economic agents that operate informally. The informal sector is defined as the part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal economy. In developed countries the informal sector is characterized by unreported employment. This is hidden from the state for tax, social security or labor law purposes but is legal in all other aspects. On the other hand, the term black market can be used in reference to a specific part of the economy in which contraband is traded. Pricing Goods acquired illegally take one of two price levels: They may be cheaper than legal market prices. The supplier does not have to pay for production costs or taxes. This is usually the case in the black economy. Criminals steal goods and sell them below the legal market price, but there is no receipt, guarantee, and so forth. They may be more expensive than legal market prices. The product is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to handle or not easily available legally, if at all. If goods are illegal, such as some drugs, their prices can be vastly inflated over the costs of production. Black market can form part of border trade near the borders of neighboring jurisdictions with little or no border control if there are substantially different tax rates, or where goods are legal on one side of the border but not on the other. Products that are commonly smuggled like this include alcohol and tobacco. However, not all border trade is illegal. Prostitution Prostitution is illegal or highly regulated in most countries across the world. These places form a classic study of the black economy, because of consistent high demand from customers, relatively high pay, but labor intensive and low skilled work, which attracts a continual supply of workers. While prostitution exists in every country, studies show that it tends to flourish more in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached men, such as around military bases. Prostitutes in the black market generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating prices and activities through codewords and subtle gestures. In countries such as the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal but regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered cheaper without regard for the legal requirements or procedures— health checks, standards of accommodation, and so on. In other countries such as Nicaragua where legal prostitution is regulated, hotels may require both parties to identify themselves, to prevent the rise of child prostitution. Weapons Fire Arms trafficking The legislatures of many countries forbid or restrict the personal ownership of weapons. These restrictions can range from small knives to firearms, either altogether or by classification (e. g. caliber, automation, etc. ), and explosives. The black market supplies the demands for weaponry that cannot be obtained legally, or may only be obtained legally after obtaining permits and paying fees. This may be by smuggling the arms from countries where they were bought legally or stolen, or by stealing from arms manufacturers within the country itself, using insiders. In cases where the underground economy is unable to smuggle firearms, they can also satisfy requests by gunsmithing their own firearms. Those who may buy this way include criminals to use for illegal activities, gun collectors, and otherwise law abiding citizens interested in protecting their dwellings, families or businesses. Illegally logged timber Illegally logged timber is a huge problem. According to interpol, the illegal logging industry is worth almost as much as drug production industry, in some countries. Animals and animal products Ivory trade / Wildlife trade In many developing countries, living animals are captured in the wild and sold as pets. Wild animals are also hunted and killed for their meat, hide, organs, †¦ Organs and other animal parts are sold for use in traditional medicine. Alcohol / Tobacco It has been reported that smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax US state to a high-tax state can lead to a profit of up to $2 million. The low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers, and have come under enormous criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes. Biological Organs Trade Organ trade is the trade involving inner organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc. ) of a human for transplantation. There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation, yet trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. The problem of organ trafficking is widespread, although data on the exact scale of the organ market is difficult to obtain. Whether or not to legalize the organ trade, and the appropriate way to combat illegal trafficking, is a subject of much debate. Software piracy Street vendors in countries where there is scant enforcement of copyright law, particularly in Asia and Latin America, often sell deeply discounted copies of films, music CDs, and computer software such as video games, sometimes even before the official release of the title. A determined counterfeiter with a few hundred dollars can make copies that are digitally identical to an original and suffer no loss in quality; innovations in consumer DVD and CD writers and the widespread availability of cracks on the Internet for most forms of copy protection technology make this cheap and easy to do. How to cite Tax Evasion the Black Economy, Essay examples

International Business and Sustainable Development †Free Samples

Question: Discus about the International Business and Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction In the modern world, sustainable business development is an important factor for most business. Without proper sustainability in business, managers cannot maintain the trust of the people. According to Holden, Linnerud Banister (2017), the increase in the focus of sustainable development is because managers need to understand the ways by which the local and regional environment can be protected. The report provides a detailed analysis of the ways to maintain sustainability by using the concept of green building. The report highlights the concept and the process adopted by managers in order to apply green building in the areas of business. The importance of LEED certification and the effect of green building on the lives of the people are analysed in this report. The report sheds light on the adoption of green building by Beirut that contributes to the construction of green buildings for maintaining sustainability in the business. According to Van Tulder, Verbeke Strange (2014), green building is a process of building structures and processes that help in maintaining the environment in a sustainable manner. The planning of green building is done at an initial stage of constructing a building. The construction of green buildings is resource efficient and helps in the proper maintenance and development of a building. It helps in determining the life cycle of a building starting at the stage of designing the building, constructing and maintaining the building. As stated by Griggs et al., (2013) the ideal construction of green building signifies ways that can help in preserving the natural environment. It can help in constructing buildings that help in maintaining the purpose of maintaining a proper environment. However, in order to achieve this, cooperation and support of the constructors and the designers is required. The designing of green building expands and provides complements to the design of classical bu ildings in the regions of business. In this regard, it can be said that the adoption and construction of the green building have been adopted by Beirut in an effective manner. Beirut is a company in France that specialises in designing green buildings. The company aims to extract the benefits of green building. Some of the benefits that can be adopted with the implication of green building include reduction of trash and pollution from the environment. This can help in ceasing the degradation of the environment and bring about changes in the lives of the people. In this regard, Wheeler Beatley (2014) stated that the concept of green rooftop could bring about major changes in the lives of the people. Green rooftops can bring about the efficient use of water, energy and other relevant resources. These resources bring about the development of sustainability among the people and protect the health and lifestyle of the individuals. Beirut has also managed to create a business for exchanging green products and services in the market. Thus, green building has brought about many benefits that have significantly affected the growth of sustainability in the country. In this regard, a process needs to be maintained that highlights the significance of the concept. Process of green building As stated by Pearce, Barbier Markandya (2013) green building requires a systematic process that helps in the development of sustainability among the people. The process needs to be simple so that people can adopt the process effectively. In the light of this, it can be said that the saving of energy is an important aspect of ensuring sustainability. It has been observed that globally, large buildings drain the maximum amount of energy, electricity and water consumption. This accounts for 18% of the total energy consumption in a region. Hence, it is important to develop a process that leads to the conservation of these energies. The adoption of renewable sources for a domestic purpose can be stated as a way by which green building process can be applied. While implementing the concept of green building it is necessary to keep in mind that the walls and windows need to be decorated with green plants (Profile et al., 2016). This can help in the proper circulation of oxygen in the build ings and promote the importance of greenery among the people. This process can also help in developing a sustainable environment in the buildings. The green rooftop can help in creating a greenery atmosphere for the individuals. It can also be a method for increasing the business as an adoption of green rooftop can help in producing fruits and vegetables that can be sold in the market for a considerable profit. This is another process that can be adopted by the buildings encouraging the concept of green building in the regions. Hence, it can be said that the process of adopting green building can be both simple and cost-effective. In this case, it can be said that Beirut adopts this process in an effective manner and implements ways by which the sustainability can be maintained. The effectiveness in which the company saves energy can help in increasing the energy sources in the world. However, despite the conservation of energy and other natural resources, the maintenance of green rooftop requires excess consumption of water. The storage of rainwater helps in addressing the issue and ensures that the objective of maintaining su stainability remains (Kolk, 2016). Heating purpose Solar heating can be considered as the conversion of sunlight in order to heat a building and keep it harm during the winter season. It can also be used to heat water or solar thermal collector. Kibert (2016) stated that various models of solar heating are available that help in maintaining the required heat in the buildings depending upon the temperature. The solar heaters are also shaped depending upon the amount of heat required in the building and the design of the building. The energy from the sun is used in order to preserve the renewable sources of energy that exists on the planet. The direct absorption of energy helps in serving the purpose of heating in an effective manner. Apart from this, the solar panel can also be used to provide sunlight to the plants in the rooftop garden. This can help in the proper production of the consumables and ensure that the market value of the consumables increases. Zuo Zhao (2014) observed that the solar heat is transferred directly to the i nterior of the building after having been stored in the reflection panels. However, a backup system is always required in order to control the failure of the system. The heating purpose used to maintain sustainability in the buildings in Beirut is the solar heating. This is because the use of energy from the sun can help in maintaining the non-renewable resources and reduce pollution (Robertson, 2017). The use of light concentrating mirror helps in trapping the energy and operate independently using electric gas heaters. This paves way for the effective consumption of energy in the buildings. The lack of space in the solar panel can be countered by the use of an auxiliary backup system that provides a heating process for heating the system. Beirut uses liquid systems with the inclusion of storage systems that help in radiant heating. The use of liquid and air system for heating can help in supplementing forced system that leads to the heating of air. This provides sufficient circulation of heat in the buildings with less consumption of energy. In this regard, the cooling system used for lowering temperatures during summer seasons can also be used to store energy effectively. Cooling purpose According to Eichholtz, Kok Quigley (2013), the use of natural ventilation can help in keeping the rooms cool and airy. This can also help in proper circulation of air. The use of natural ventilation can help in controlling the air quality indoors. The natural ventilation process helps in reducing indoor pollutants, provides thermal comfort and ensures that humidity does not remain in the buildings. The use of natural ventilation can help in the free circulation of air around the building. It dilutes the quality of air making sure that the harmful elements do not hamper the growth and health of the lives of the people. Harmsen, Hackmann Bos (2014) stated that the use of natural ventilation reduces the dependence of machines that are used to provide cooling. In this process, it helps in conserving energy and develops sustainability in the buildings. Apart from this, the designing of natural ventilation can reduce the cost of construction of the building by restricting the use of air -conditioners and ceiling fans. In the case of Beirut, the company encourages the use of natural ventilation in the buildings in order to save energy consumption. This helps the buildings to provide a continuous supply of fresh air and reduce pollutants indoors. The balance between humidity and temperature can be maintained at such a level that it provides comfort to the people residing in the buildings. Another important advantage that natural ventilation provides is the fact that it provides an easy escape route in case of emergency (Wei, Ramalho Mandin, 2015). This is important because accidents may occur without prior notice and can cause severe problems to the people. Beirut focuses on designing such ventilation because of the aim it has on reducing the harmful components that exist in the air. The air-borne diseases can be reduced if the proper circulation of air takes place in the rooms. Thus, the use of natural ventilation can help in establishing a proper balance between the circulation of air and reducti on of contaminants in the building. However, in order to implement these techniques, it is necessary that the constructors ensure that the LEED rating of the systems is sufficient for the safe designing of the buildings. Importance of LEED certification Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is considered to be an important program for certifying the green building. It provides the rating system that helps in analysing the construction, design, maintenance and operation of the buildings. IT aims to make the building owners responsible towards the environment and educates them to use the resources in an effective manner. LEED certification is important in order to ensure that the highly efficient buildings with fewer costs are maintained. The innovative designs and the priority need to be maintained by the engineers. According to Yang Zou (2014), a LEED certification is required for the proper maintenance of sustainability in the environment. This can help in the reduction of about 34% of the greenhouse emissions that are caused due to the excess pollutants. A non-LEED certified building does not enjoy such benefits and thereby have the possibilities of increasing the greenhouse emissions. Another advantage that LEED c ertification provides is the fact that it helps in saving money (Deng Wu, 2014). This is important for commercial buildings that need to reduce overhead charges related to the business carried out. In this regard, it can be said that Beirut needs to adopt these tactics by improving the water efficiency and the energy efficiency. The LEED certification can help in rating the building in terms of its effectiveness in saving the resources. The cost incurred for the production of solar panels or natural ventilation can be reduced with the proper time for LEED certification. The indoor air quality, energy from the atmosphere, innovation in design and priority of the regions require the certification of LEED for the smooth and effective functioning of the projects (Fuerst, Kontokosta McAllister, 2014). Hence, in this regard, it can be said that Beirut can foster the other important factors that can be pivotal after the certification of LEED. It helps in the creation of health environment as it reduces the unhealthy air particulates that go about in the building. Hence, the LEED certification can help in the reduction of sick building syndrome. This can lead to ensuring proper health and wellbeing of the people residing in the buildings constructed by Beirut. Effect on health and wellbeing According to Chen, Yang Lu (2015), the main purpose of the maintenance of sustainability is to ensure the proper health of the people. Every individual aim to lead a healthy lifestyle in order to ensure that the wellbeing is maintained. In this regard, the application of green building can be related to ensuring the health of the individuals. This can be possible by the application of the techniques used for maintaining sustainability. The application of green buildings can help in maintaining the fitness of an individual. The natural circulation of air using ventilation system can ensure that harmful emissions are filtered from the buildings (Yang, Zou Wang, 2016). The wellbeing of the individuals can be maintained with the application of sustainable practice in the environment. The application of solar panels for a heating purpose can help in reducing the consumption of energy. With the money saved due to the adoption of green building, individuals can use it to decorate the buil dings and make it more effective for protecting the health. Beirut also adopts similar tactics while trying to ensure the health and well-being of the people residing in the country. The construction of the building is such that the people can use the sustainability equipment in a positive and effective manner. The health of the people can improve due to the inhalation of fresh air and the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables (Ching Shapiro, 2014). A green rooftop can help in relaxation as it provides the natural effect of a garden. This is particularly important in office buildings where people can take a break from work by visiting the rooftop. Hence, the drastic improvement in health and wellbeing of the people can help in providing evidence about the effectiveness of green buildings and its increased adoption in the future (Koebel et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to maintain the green buildings and improve it in order to sustain the benefits it provides to the people. The LEED certification can contribute to making the project successful and ensure that the aim towards sustainability is maintained. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that sustainability policy through green buildings can help Beirut in protecting the environment and ensure a healthy lifestyle of the people. The manner in which the company promotes the effectiveness of green building provides a proper understanding of the concept and help in identifying the ways by which different techniques can be adopted in order to maintain the sustainability. The purpose adopted for heating and cooling the buildings based on the fluctuations of temperature is effective in understanding the importance of green building. The health and well-being of the people are maintained by adopting rooftop buildings that help in circulating clean and fresh air in and around the region. LEED certification provides a proper rating of the ways by which the construction and designing of the buildings are done. These ratings help Beirut to understand its capabilities and promote the development of the green building in an effective manner in the countr y. Reference Chen, X., Yang, H., Lu, L. (2015). A comprehensive review on passive design approaches in green building rating tools.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,50, 1425-1436. Ching, F. D., Shapiro, I. M. (2014).Green building illustrated. John Wiley Sons. Deng, Y., Wu, J. (2014). 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