Impacts of the French and Industrial Revolutions Essay

Impacts of the French and Industrial Revolutions - Essay Example Before the Revolution, many European countries and leaders thought of democracy as an unworkable political system. Nevertheless, the perception of the political system that was participatory and popular only began to take shape in Europe after the advent of the French Revolution (Western Civilization, 2012).The French revolution also brought about religious tolerance. Before the French revolution, there were several instances of religious feuds and tensions among Christians and Muslims. This is because Islam was not given much recognition. However, this changed immediately after the French revolution where different religions started getting recognition across Europe (Western Civilization, 2012).   The impact of the French revolution on politics could also be seen in that it caused nationalism and the idea of one nationality in one country. This ideology later resulted in the development of new refugees, known as political refugees. This gave the government the power to have greate r influence on people in Europe. Olwen (1992) points out that the French Revolution was fundamental in making the obligation of the government central to political affairs. In this regard, he reveals that the state became the all-universal power of nations in lost cases. To prove his argument, he lists several European nations which underwent democratic meltdowns before becoming dictatorial states. Some of these include the Soviet Union, Italy, Hungary, Albania, Turkey, Portugal, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Australia.... Historians argue that before the French revolution, there were several human rights violations as people were denied the freedom of movement and speech. These were only allowed for those in power. The French Revolution created a perception of universal human rights (Olwen, 1992). Before the Revolution, many European countries and leaders thought of democracy as an unworkable political system. Nevertheless, the perception of the political system that was participatory and popular only began to take shape in Europe after the advent of the French Revolution (Western Civilization, 2012). The French revolution also brought about religious tolerance. Before the French revolution, there were several instances of religious feuds and tensions among Christians and Muslims. This is because Islam was not given much recognition. However, this changed immediately after the French revolution where different religions started getting recognition across Europe (Western Civilization, 2012). The impact of the French revolution on politics could also be seen in that it caused nationalism and the idea of one nationality in one country. This ideology later resulted in the development of new refugees, known as political refugees. This gave the government the power to have greater influence on people in Europe. Olwen (1992) points out that the French Revolution was fundamental in making the obligation of the government central to political affairs. In this regard, he reveals that the state became the all-universal power of nations in lost cases. To prove his argument, he lists several European nations which underwent democratic meltdowns before becoming dictatorial states. Some of these include the Soviet Union, Italy, Hungary, Albania, Turkey, Portugal,

Representation of ethics in the stage dramas of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Representation of ethics in the stage dramas of Pakistan Essay It is a sad reality that : vulgarity and obscenity has corrupted our theaters as commercialization has become their main motive , this paper discusses these issues. Stage dramas are related to our society and culture, they were the part of our society and will remain, however modern changes have taken place . Dances and vulgar comments have no positive impact on our society and they fail to depict our culture. Background Indrasabha In 1855, the enactment of the play Indrasabha (the Heavenly Court of Indra) written by Agha Hasan Amanat Ali in the courtyard of the last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah, marked the beginning of Urdu theatre. The drama dealt with the love story between a fairy and a prince. The Nawab, who was a Kathak dancer and had written theses on stage techniques, composed some of the songs and choreographed the dances for the play. It was a huge success. Its characters (Sabaz Pari (Green Fairy), Kala Deo (Black Devil) and Lal Deo (Red Devil)) live on as a part of the vocabulary of the South Asia. Post Independence theater Pakistani literature The distinct voice of Pakistani literature came soon after the Partition of India in 1947. Since there were many cultural similarities, Urdu and English Literature was inherited by this new state. Over due course, a literature which was somewhat uniquely Pakistani has emerged in every province. Initially the plays were all about the independence and the atrocities committed on the Muslims by the Hindus and Sikhs but this gradually began to change and the current trend is specifically Pakistani venturing into many different genres. Saadat Hasan Manto Main article: Saadat Hasan Manto Manto is arguably the most influential Urdu writer of the 20th century. He was one of the most controversial as well. His work is comparable with D. H. Lawrence. This comparison is made because like Lawrence he also wrote about the topics considered social taboos of his Society. He addressed topics ranging from the socio-economic injustice prevailing in pre- and post-colonial South Asia; he stirred up quite a fury when he wrote about controversial topics of love, sex, incest, prostitution and the typical hypocrisy of a traditional South Asian male. In dealing with these topics, he wasnt careful to conceal any of the facts and clearly showed the true state of affairs. His short stories were often intricately structured, with vivid satire and a good sense of humor. Manto was a well known film writer of the Indian cinema and was making good money. He however, chose to abandon his lucrative career and migrated to Pakistan. In the seven years that Manto lived in Lahore he continuously struggled for survival. However, he proved to be a productive individual who gave some of his best writings to the literary world regardless of his domestic situation. It was in Lahore that he wrote many of his best known works. Manto was primarily known for his short stories of the South Asia, great literature out of the events relating to the Partition of India. The literature, which came out of the period that followed, is considered to have been progressive in its tone and spirit. According to several critics it had not only evolved its own identity, but also had played a significant role in documenting the hardships and hopes of Pakistan in the latter part of the 20th century. Manto also wrote plays and many of his stories have been successfully adapted for the stage. Some of his characters have become legends in the minds of theatregoers. Farrukh Nigar Aziz The daughter of Abdul Aziz Falakpaima, Farrukh Nigar Aziz was a known literary figure even before the partition. She and her sisters were educated along liberal styles of education. These women received opportunities that were somewhat of a rarity in their day. Formal education for Muslim women and having a career in the arts or performing arts was considered to be unrespectable. Types of theatre The general complaint in conservative circles is that commercial theatre is lowbrow and thrives on obscene dialogue and dances. The fact is that at least three departments are tasked with monitoring the activities of commercial theatre. From the Punjab Arts Council, which is responsible for vetting the scripts to District Coordination Officers, who are authorized to monitor the screening of plays, to the Home Department that actually takes action against producers, directors, artistes and theatre owners, the dice is loaded against entertainment at every step. Local theatre Commercial theatre is surviving this accusation and, in some cases, even thriving this shows that people want entertainment and are prepared to watch plays despite the hazards of doing so. Just like any demand and supply situation, since there is a demand there will be a supply. The arrival of commercial theatre in Lahore was in the early 1980s. The joint efforts of Naheed Khanum, Amanullah, Mastana and Baboo Baral ushered in the art the lively dialogues and innovative style was like a breath of fresh air for the citizens. The initial venue for the staging of these plays was Alhamra but a replacement venue had to be sought once Alhamra closed down for renovations in 1981-1982. Each and every script has to be cleared by the Punjab Arts Council (PAC). Lahore has five private (Tamaseel, Mehfil, Naz, Crown and Alfalah) and a government theatre (Alhamra). The moral brigades claims of vulgarity and calls for closure of commercial theatre have become common in Gujranwala, Faislabad, Multan and Sahiwal. Most of the complaints originate from a small community of zealots while the majority of people enjoy the performances. In Lahore, most of the audience come from other cities. The theatres are packed on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. A stage play usually runs for 16 days and earns around two million rupees in that time. Tickets cost from Rs. 200 to Rs. 1,000. Training institutions Punjab Lok Rahs Main article: Punjab Lok Rahs  Punjab Lok Rahs started working as an independent alternative theater group in 1986. The group has seen a number of upheavals both internal and external during its history. On average, the group has held a performance every fortnight since its creation. It started as a group of young men and women, primarily students, that was concerned with the military oppression of arts and cultural activities in Pakistan. The group cherished a society that has gender equity and democratic values, respects all humans and offers equal economic opportunities to all. Rahs believes in organized and conscious efforts to realize this dream. Theater is its medium. Rahs experience in the art of theater is very deep as well. From staging classical epics to quick response street skits and from working out foreign adaptations to improvising ones with community and from performing at overseas festivals to villages and urban slums, Rahs has touched upon a host of issues. Rahs canvas is very wide and diverse as it has dealt with subjects like child marriage and womens right to marry of their free will and staged plays against arms race and military dictatorship. Besides experimentation and experience, Rahs has learned theater from its gurus like Badal Sarkar. Its members have received training from many institutions in other countries. The group has imparted theater training to a number of civil society organizations as well. It has supported scores of other organizations by performing for the communities with which they work. Rahs draws inspiration from Punjabs indigenous theater tradition. Its name ‘Rahs is the Punjabi word for local form of theater and its logo shows the basic props of this theater. The group aims to marry the tradition with modern techniques and concepts and make it an effective tool in the hands of organizations working for social change. Rahs performs plays only in the mother language of its audience the people of Punjab. The group believes that the mother language lies at the heart of the issue of cultural identity. The group not only performs but also trains other dramatic societies and community organizations to do theater as an art and use it as an effective tool of communication. The Rafi Peer Theater workshop is named after Rafi Peer one of the pioneers and founders of Modern Urdu and Punjabi Drama in the Ind-Pak Subcontinent. The Theater workshop was founded in 1974 by Salmaan Peerzada and his brothers Usmaan Imraan Sadaan Faizaan and his sisters Kausar and Tasneem Peerzada. The Theater Workshops aim was to bring social and cultural change through the Arts. The theater workshops first Production was Culture Culture. An avant grade theater experiment for its time. It was an effort at creating original contemporary drama in Pakistan. The Play was Performed both in Lahore and Karachi. It was Created and Directd by Salmaan Peerzada, Starring Kursheed Shahid, Perin Cooper,Salman Shahid, Rubina Saigol, Imraan Peerzada and Samina Peerzada. Over past three decades the Rafi Peer theater workshop has produced diverse and amazing body of work in Drama, Puppetry, Dance, Music, besides this it hosts four major Art Festivals. Rafi Peer theater workshop has done enormous service for performing Arts in Pakistan, by supporting Artists and the Arts.

Resonance Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant Stability

Resonance Frequency Analysis Tool for Implant Stability Dr. Vishwanath Pattar Dr. Anjana Bagewadi MDS â€Å" Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) – A diagnostic tool for implant stability † Dental implants have become a significant aspect of tooth replacement in prosthodontic treatment. High implant success rates of the order of 78-100 % have been published, with more than 15 years of observation time. Treatment success of dental implant mainly depends on the stability of the implant bone support. Implant stability is a mechanical phenomenon which is related to the local bone quality and quantity, type of implant, and placement technique used. The application of a simple, clinically applicable, non-invasive test to assess implant stability and osseointegration is considered highly desirable. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is one of such techniques which is most frequently used nowadays. Aim of this paper is to review the technique of Radio frequency analysis and use of it to check the implant stability. Key words: Resonance frequency analysis, Implant stability, Implant stability quotient(ISQ) Introduction : Dental implants have reported success rates of over 90 % over long periods of time. However failures still occur and seem to be unpredictable. One factor that is being increasingly considered in failure of dental implants is occlusal loading . It has been clinically demonstrated that implant stability plays a significant role in determining treatment outcome (Sennerby Meredith 1998, Esposito et al. 1998). Implant stability can be seen as a combination of: 1). Mechanical stability, which is the result of compressed bone holding the implant tightly in place.2). Biological stability, which is the result of new bone cells forming at the site of the implant and osseointegration. Initially implant stability was measured by Surgeon’s perception while placing the implant (Insertion and seating torque), percussion testing, reverse torque test and radiographs etc. But none of them proven to be effective in measuring the implant stability. Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) is a non-inv asive diagnostic tool for detecting the implant stability of dental implants during the healing stages and in subsequent routine follow-up care after treatment. Advantages of Rasonance frequency analysis 1) Optimal loading decisions : It makes it easier for dentists to decide when is the optimal time to load implants. At placement, stability can be difficult to quantify objec ­tively by merely relying on tactile perception. Torque measure ­ments are difficult to repeat once the implant has started to integrate and can therefore not provide a baseline for subse ­quent comparisons. The invasive torque method may even damage the healing if used for monitoring osseointegration 2)  Early warnings – preventing failure : Dentists sometimes encounter patients whose initial stability score is low. The reason could be that they have had to undergo a bone graft. In such higher-risk situations, most surgeons would avoid an early-loading protocol. Similarly, a significant decrease in stability indicates a potential problem and should be considered an early warning. The surgeon may prefer to unload the implant – or perhaps place additional implants – and then wait until stability increases. RFA system makes the treatment of high-risk patients easier and more predictable – allowing more of these patients to be treated and more of their treatments to be successful. 3)  Quality assurance : Because RFA system helps the dentist decide when to load and avoid failure in high-risk situations, it becomes a quality-assurance system for the clinic. Most patients intuitively understand the stability measures and how they govern when to load an implant and when to wait. This increases their sense of confidence, security and quality. 4) Data can be transferable : All the stability records measured from start of the treatment and the follow –up records can be transefered from one clinician to other. It makes easy to the one clinician to communicate with other about the treatment modalities. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) is a measurement scale for use with the RFA (Resonance Frequency Analysis) method of determining implant stability. It’s a mapping of resonance frequencies (kHz), presented as a clinically useful scale of 1-100 ISQ. 1 is the least ISQ value and 100 is the highest ISQ value. ISQ is used RFA to measure stability because Supports making good decision about when to load Allows advantageous protocol choice on a patient-to-patient basis. Indicates situations in which it is best to unload Supports good communication and increased trust Provides better case documentation Instrument kit: Fig.1 Hand held probe Fig.2 MonitorFig.3 Main plug Fig.4 Data cable Fig.5 Testing device Fig.6 Smart-peg Technique : Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) uses a sophisticated technology with computer-based measurement of resonance frequency (RF), which is determined by two parameters: the degree of bone density on implant-bone interface area and the level of marginal alveolar bone around the transducer Osstell is representative of RFA-technique and was tested first in 1997The apparatus consists of an Osstell transducer and Osstell analyzer connected to a PC or independent. The transducer is L-shaped or bolts-like (smartpeg) and firmly screwed in order to be positioned on the implant and its superstructure (4–5 N/cm ²) and consists of 2 small voltage controlled transducers. High-energy pulse-type oscillations of a continuous sinusoidal pulse excite implant, in order to register the mechanical vibration between the implant interconnection zone and the bone. As soon as the apparatus is activated the first electric transducer applies excitation signal of increasing frequency from 5 to 15 kHz to implant. Other voltage-controlled element registers ultrasonic vibrations response, ie resonant frequency of the implant-bone interface area and transmits a created signal to the amplifier, which amplifies it and to the analyzer which reads, evaluates and compares it with the frequency of the original signal. The measured amplitude of resonance frequency is displayed numerically and graphically on the Osstell analyzer, and the maximum amplitude represents the stability of the implant, quantified through the ISQ units. The ISQ value reflects the rigidity of the system transducer- implant-bone and transducer calibration parameters. Measured on a scale from 0 ISQ (3500 Hz) to 100 ISQ units (8500 Hz), a higher ISQ value indicates a greater stability of the implant. After a while ISQ values rise because of osseointegration where implant–bone the connection becomes stronger. Fig. 7 Fig.8 Fig.9 ISQ values: >60 – >70 Immediate loading can be done This graph illustrates the progress of implant stability over time, expressed in ISQ terms. The converging green curves show the two most likely scenarios: implant stability eventually sets at around 70 ISQ. A high initial ISQ value tends to decrease, as mechanical stability is supplanted by osseointegration. And a low initial value tends to increase, as osseointegration sets in. The scenario to watch out for is illustrated by the red curve. Here, osseointegration is not progressing as planned, and loading such an implant may result in a failed treatment†¦ High initial stability (ISQ values of 70 and above) tends not to increase over time despitethe fact that the initial high mechanical stability decreases and is replaced by increased biological stability. Lower initial stability normally increases with time because the lower  mechanical stability is increased by the bone remodeling process (osseointegration). Values of ISQ 55 or lower should be taken as a warning sign and act ions to improve the stability should be considered (larger implant diameter, longer healing time, etc.)* *(Implant stability measurements using Resonance Frequency Analysis. Biological and biomechanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontology 2000, 2008. Sennerby Meredith) References: Chang WA et al. A newly designed resonance frequency analysis device for dental implant stability detection ; Dent Mater J. 2007 Sep;26(5):665-71 Rajiv KG et al . Resonance frequency analysis ; Indian Journal of Dental Research, 22(4), 2011

Is Religion Wrong? Essay -- essays research papers

Is Religion Wrong? Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx both seemed to believe that religion is a Drug. In which it helps people feel better about the unknown. Let’s face it humans’ fear the uncertain and we don’t like to be scared. So what does our human instinct do? â€Å"Know Everything†. But what happens when it is impossible to know the â€Å"ultimate concern†? I may seem atheist to you but I’m not I just don’t like to have my beliefs spoon fed to me. I like to challenge and question everything. I believe in general people will make up â€Å"bedtime† stories to help them and there kids to sleep better at night, and to explain the un-explainable. Some stories sound real convincing and they stick around and grow in to religions. People who have no explanation for natural forces believe that a higher po...

Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes Essay

The article titled â€Å"Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Ability, and Use in the Elementary Classroom† is written by Dr. Robin Kay who is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Education at the University Of Ontario Institute Of Technology. He has published several other articles in the field of computers and their use in education. He has also presented numerous papers at conferences both locally and internationally. Dr. Robin Kay has taught computers, mathematics, and technology for over 15 years of his career. At the end of the article Dr. Robin Kay states that the main reason for research is to assist in seeing all students develop an ability to adapt to changes in technology so that all can enjoy the benefits of the wealth of electronic information. According to the aforementioned article, Dr. Robin Kay asserts that computers play a vital and prominent role in society and it is therefore important that both boys and girls are given equal opportunities in learning, working with and benefiting from computer technology. He however notes that according to research carried out by Whitley, there is a gender imbalance in study and use of computer technology whereby computers are viewed as masculine tools. Females are less confident than boys in use of computer technology. Differences in perception of computers and computer technology can be largely attributed to the traditional attitudes that tend to spare females from technical issues thus females are generally less interested in technological issues. In the same breath, it can be concluded that even in the few cases when females are interested in computers, they are not amply encouraged to pursue this interest. Dr. Robin Kay’s research notes that existing research has not addressed the differences in computer ability between boys and girls particularly in elementary school. Lack of initial support to females at the tender age of elementary school is blamed as the genesis of the gender imbalance. Dr. Robin Kay has gone to great lengths to offer proposals and solutions to help eliminate the issue of gender imbalance The disparity between males and females and their related abilities in usage of computers and computer technology should be addressed at the grassroots level whereby efforts to encourage females to take interest should be made. It is therefore evident that Dr. Robin Kay views the gender imbalance in computer usage as a matter of perception and not practicality meaning that neither gender has an upper hand against the other if computers and computer technology were approached on an even ground. The idea of same sex computer groups would be particularly effective because it would help in alienating males who tend to be faster in grasping technological issues from females who take longer. This alongside with revised computer syllabuses for elementary schools and positive attitudes from the teachers will go a long way in bridging the gender imbalance in computer usage and benefit in elementary schools. In conclusion, Dr. Robin Kay has done a considerably good job given the fact that the scope of the research itself is limited. Gender imbalance in computer usage is not a research topic that would generate numerous noteworthy points but Dr. Robin Kay has done an outstanding job in enlightening readers on an otherwise dull topic. The solutions given to the problem of gender imbalance are workable even though they are generally limited to addressing the gender imbalance in computers and computer technology at the elementary school level: not much has been done to assist female victims of the imbalance. Affirmative action could be adopted to address the problem of females who have limited or little knowledge of computers when the females are put on the same platform with their male counterparts.

The Opposing Characters Of Virgil Gillespie †Literature Essay

The Opposing Characters Of Virgil Gillespie – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers The Opposing Characters Of Virgil Gillespie Literature Essay John Ball’s In The Heat Of The Night introduces us to the two characters, Virgil Tibbs and Bill Gillespie. In the novel they are shown as two completely opposite characters whose personalities differ. The apparent theme in the novel is racism and how people would deal with it in the 1960s. Some terms and methods talked about in the book are quite different from those used today. Although there are the occasional people who one would disagree with, this book seems quite appropriate for today. In general, teenagers find themselves having to cope with racism and prejudice in our society. The novel, In The Heat Of The Night, besides dealing with the issue of prejudice, focuses on the major differences that exist between the two main characters. In the beginning of In The Heat Of The Night, we are introduced to Virgil Tibbs. Virgil is shown as a police officer that is wealthy, proper and an intelligent young black man. He is first brought into the story as a suspect for the murder of Enrico Mantoli, in the city of Wells. Soon after, he is introduced as a police officer from California, and slightly embarrasses Gillespie and Wood with their false accusations. Tibbs is a very well-educated man who is patient with others and rarely talks back to those addressing him in a rude manner. Just after Gillespie had been awfully rude and had a little temper tantrum, Tibbs politely replies â€Å"Good morning, Chief Gillespie† (45), right before he walks out of Gillespie’s office. Then when he is talking to Gillespie once more, he kindly says â€Å"After you sir† (25), as Gillespie walks through the doorway in front of him. Even though there is very little respect shown towards Tibbs despite all his help, he still continues to act in a civilized and well-behaved manor towards his peers. On the other hand, the character Bill Gillespie is quite different. He is an older, narrow-minded and racist chief of police from the city of Wells. Gillespie thinks that Tibbs is a nuisance and a distraction to the city. He has never met someone who is better then he is at his own job, especially a black man. â€Å"Nobody could tell him (Gillespie) that a coloured man could do anything he couldn’t do† (27). The problem is that not only is Tibbs more competent then Gillespie, but he is better educated. Also, his initial reaction to having Tibbs work on the case with their police force is very negative. He expresses these feelings quite often in the book. â€Å"Who in hell asked you to open your big black mouth† (45), Gillespie demanded. More over, racial comments and remarks such as this are found throughout the novel and are often expressed by the characters. In addition, there are numerous differences that clearly distinguish the main characters from each other. For example Gillespie is known as the uneducated, big-headed and racist character, â€Å"At that precise moment Bill did not want to see the Negro detective-as a matter of fact he did not want to see him at anytime† (74). On the other hand, Tibbs is the educated, forgiving and decent one. However, both these characters are achievers and are concerned about high status. Although tension exists between the two of them, they still have some respect for one another, as shown in the following, â€Å"Thank you, sir,† Tibbs said, â€Å"Is there anything else you wanted to ask me?† (104). Another example is when Gillespie thought, â€Å"And while he did not like to admit it to himself, he knew that Tibbs had something on the ball.† (76) In conclusion, the novel deals very effectively with the issue of prejudice. Moreover, the differences that exist between the two main characters are expressed very clearly and distinctively. Despite the fact that these two characters have ill feelings towards one another, they manage to gain respect for each other in the end. Research Papers on The Opposing Characters Of Virgil Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Fifth HorsemanBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentThe Hockey Game